tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-36106455895139883882024-03-13T19:52:28.620-07:00Help me do my assignmentLaurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.comBlogger229125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-34463993285556215772020-08-23T00:15:00.001-07:002020-08-23T00:15:14.465-07:00Affirmative Action misc3 essaysGovernmental policy regarding minorities in society misc3 papers Governmental policy regarding minorities in society is portrayed as the term implied finding a way to kill the then across the board practices of racial, strict, and ethnic separation. The historical backdrop of governmental policy regarding minorities in society begins quite a while before this definition was expressed during the mid 1960's. It begins back to the Declaration of Independence where it expresses all men are made equivalent. It pushes toward the Emancipation Proclamation, the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth Amendments which included the liberating of slaves, canceling bondage, gave citizenship on all people conceived in the United States, and ensuring casting a ballot rights to all residents. There were additionally many legal disputes that helped move forward into governmental policy regarding minorities in society. A couple of models would be Buchanan v. Warley, Plessy v. Ferguson, and Brown v. Leading body of Education. The last legal dispute was a genuine fire storm over governmental policy regarding minorities in society, which decided that all neighborhood, state, and bureaucratic laws that implemented isolation in training was striked down. President John F. Kennedy initially utilized the expression Governmental policy regarding minorities in society when he gave Executive Order 10952. This request made the Equal Opportunity Commission or the EEOC and contractual workers on ventures financed with government assets to make positive move to guarantee that candidates are utilized, insect representatives are treated during their work regardless of race, statement of faith, shading, or national starting point. President Kennedy likewise pushed for more enactment however was not alive to see it experience. Continuing Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson assumed control over the battle and pushed for the death of Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned separation in the assortment of private and open settings. It included forbidding segregation in private offices, banned separation in governmentally subsidized projects, and precluded segregation by both private and open businesses, etc. Still under Johnson's influence, the Executive Order 11246, put the duty regarding a... <! Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-47109396203587820442020-08-21T21:56:00.001-07:002020-08-21T21:56:38.777-07:00Creating and Developing InnovationsQuestion: Examine about the Creating and Developing Innovations. Answer: Presentation: Advancement is the procedure of creation, osmosis, selection and misuse of a worth included novel assistance in the social and financial circles, for example, extension or reestablishment of the market or the item, improvement of the new creation procedure or restoration of the new administration framework. The advancement procedure is the way toward finding, making and building up the thought, refining the development thought into the valuable structure and increase benefit from them. This report will examine the development procedure in the Fair arrangement organization. The Fair arrangement organization is the organization that fabricates the individual consideration items, both for people. The organization needs to develop its item by giving them glance through the alluring bundling on the grounds that the appealing bundling can support to draw in an ever increasing number of clients towards the item and thus an expansion in the offer of the item (Franke, Keinz and Klausberger, 2013). This development will bolster the organization in having the upper hand over the other same kind of the items. Be that as it may, the organization realizes that there is a need of the correct advancement procedure and its appropriate execution and the board to guarantee the accomplishment of the development. Making and Developing Innovations: The advancement procedure represents various difficulties (Bguin, 2007). On the off chance that the one stage of the advancement procedure is frail, or if the organization doesn't follow a fundamental procedure for the execution of the imaginative thought, the accomplishment of the development thought will be dubious. In any case, in the event that the organization follows the correct way of the best possible development process, at that point the advantages of the advancement can be accomplished. In the advancement procedure, the administrator of the organization assumes an essential job in the development procedure. In the executives, Policy and Practice of the development, following are where the chief can help the advancement procedure. There is a need that chief focuses on the subtleties of the activity of the undertaking of the development continually. Directors ought to have the consistent consideration that the undertaking of the development is functioning admirably or not and have facilitated to assume the liability of the advancement task; the individual in question ought to give a learning environment to the workers with the goal that they can investigate themselves and advance new thoughts (J Haron, 2016). The director ought to have more clear correspondence with the workers in the choice and assessment of the inventive thought. There ought to be arrangement for the obvious conventions that will support the two representatives and supervisor to concentrate on the powerful models for the advancement. The director should quickly react to the constituents that are outside and give moment feelings to the experimentation. The productive and commendable inquiries backing to make this procedure proficient and viable (Fruehauf, Seeger and Topaly, 2005). The most and significant thing that must in light of the supervisor is the craving and need of the client during the development procedure. The utilization of the imaginative innovation that is registering foundation and information digging is important for the thought of the client discernment and want. Thus, the accomplishment of the advancement procedure for the most part relies upon the viable job of the administrator. Thus, the duty of the chief of the Fair Deal Company is extremely high in the advancement procedure. In the previously mentioned territory, the administrator of the Fair Deal Company should try sincerely and incapable way for the achievement of the advancement procedure. For the correct usage and the board of the advancement procedure, the organization needs to follow the five stages of the development procedure that are as per the following. 1. Age and preparation of the imaginative thought 2. Backing of the imaginative thought and its screening 3. Experimentation 4. Commercialization 5. Dissemination of the creative thought and its execution Age and preparation of the creative thought This progression includes the age of the new thoughts and development of the thought in the other division or outside the association. Development thought is made for the improvement of a more seasoned thought or the current thought. For instance, the Apple Company advanced the possibility of the assembling the iPod after the three years of MP3 player presentation that has the ability of 1000 tunes (Klein and Dologite, 2000). The other model is the development of the scotch tape was the spic and span advancement. There is additionally a Richard Drews story; he is the school dropout understudy that saw the requirement for the exceptional sort of tapes that didn't demolish the vehicles paint. He confronted various obstacles in finishing his creation, however his solid will and hard working attitude constrained the organization to give 15% of their working time to spend in the development procedure and they prevail with regards to assembling that kind of tapes. Thus, the reasonable arra ngement organization has two portable the possibility of development in the bundling and gives the opportunity to the representatives to spend on the more current thoughts for the appealing kind of bundling. How they can build up an appealing bundling, what sort of compartment ought to be utilized, what kind of material for bundling, etc? As indicated by the board, Policy and Practices of the development procedure, the administrator of the organization has a significant job in the advancement procedure (Paulus and Brown, 2007). Supervisor of the Fair Deal Company should concentrate on the development procedure as the over-requirement on the representatives of the organization can demand the worker leave the organization for the steady occupation or carelessness or lesser goal to the advancement procedure by the worker will diminish the thought age and the earnestness of the creative thought. Support of the creative thought and its screening When the organization utilizes the workers for the making of the new thought of the advancement, various thoughts were improved by the representatives. Not all the imaginative thoughts can be executed by the organization, so the organization needs to screen out the best thought that is powerful and with the spending plan of the organization (Perttula and Sipil, 2007). For this, the organization needs to follow the second step of the development procedure support and screening. In this progression, the organization needs to do the assessment of the inventive thoughts and estimation of the key potential and advantages of the development thoughts. Refinement is the best preferred position of the joint methodology of support and screening. On the off chance that a thought has a conversation, potential and contentions backing to upgrade it. The investigation of the board, Policy and Practices of the advancement depicts that how this progression build up a development thought for the upper administration that can be a require a different methodology (Igartua and Albors, 2011). Since the workers that have produced the advancement thought don't have what it takes to advocate it, the chief is the notable individual that encourages bolsters and supports the development thought generator. The Fair arrangement organization should assemble a culture of the hearty that can create through the accompanying practices. The main practice is to give the satisfactory roads to have criticism and support. The subsequent practice is that the organization ought to comprehend the obstacles or issues looked by the representative during advancement of a viable thought. The third one practice is the organization has the convention that has straightforward screening and assessment. Experimentation In the progression of experimentation, an imaginative thought is tried based on convention or through the pilot test. The administration Policy and Practices of the development depict that experimentation is simply trying the legitimacy and negative marks of the advancement thought; it likewise tried on the premise manageability of the organization at a specific time. Some advancement thought might be past the limit of the association right now or might be in front of the companys time. These development thoughts ought to be spared in the advancement journal or a library for the eventual fate of the organization (Acemoglu, Bimpikis and Ozdaglar, 2011). Experimentation should be possible persistently or in the parts since advocates and the individual who are going to screen the thought reexamine the creative thought. Now and again, experimentation prompts the more current thought on account of the accumulated data and assessing the chance of the first thought. In this procedure or ven ture of experimentation, time is essential (Vetter, 2014). The representatives ought to be given suitable time to complete the correct experimentation. As in this progression, assessment and refinement of the thought happen the enough time is required for the experimentation. The greater part of the organizations explore different avenues regarding the new administrations and item. For instance, in 2007 the amazon explores its administration of the basic food item conveyance in the Seattle Suburbs, after the accomplishment of this trial, the Amazon extended its administration in different nations additionally (Vetter, 2014). The Fair Deal Company ought to do the experimentation with a couple of the items that the organization should change the bundling of the a couple of items and afterward watch the accomplishment of their bundling over the deal. On the off chance that the offer of this two enhanced item is expanded because of the appealing bundling, at that point the remainder of the item ought to likewise be bundled in alluring bundling. On the off chance that this doesn't occur, at that point the organization pursues for the new bundling (Tricou, 2009). Commercialization Once, the inventive thought is refined and tested, it could be utilized to focus on the crowd and to meet the prerequisites of the clients. The point of the commercialization is to make the market estimation of the development thought by concentrating on the potential effect of the thought. This progression includes the engaging of the plan to the crowd that is the bundling of a creative thought with different thoughts, explanation of how and when the development thought is utilized and utilization of the exploratory information to portray the advantages of the advancement thought. The commercialization of the imaginative thought is essential to investigate the market v Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-88281402818634945452020-07-05T18:31:00.001-07:002020-07-05T18:31:02.473-07:00Contemporary Sport and Event Marketing Essay - 1925 WordsContemporary Sport and Event Marketing (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Course:Tutor:Date:Contemporary Sport and Event MarketingWho does the event attract (ie. Types of people remember subcultures, casual / serious leisure participants, PCM spectators), list key sponsors and is there any reason for the event.The IRB sevens series is a league based tournament that comprises of 15 top teams in sevens rugby. It was established in the 1999-2000 season but has gained popularity in the 2000-2011 season after a sponsorship agreement with HSBC. The series is an initiative of the IRB that aims at making sevens rugby a viable commercial product. In addition, the series reaches people of different culture worldwide with a reported participatory audience on over 500million live fans throughout its global tour. The event also broadcasts to over 32 media channels in 16 different languages. On this regard, it is believed to reach over 332 homes and an approximated 760 million viewers. With 147 countries reached through live broadcasts of the event , one can confidently claim that the event is cross-cultural. However, one should note that the main audience of the event comes from the participating nations. The IRB sevens series attracts individuals who have developed allegiance to sevens rugby to the sports stadiums. Allegiance to the sport is catalysed by the patriotic nature of individuals attending the event. On the other hand, home spectators could be categorised at various levels of the Psychological continuum model. For spectators from 15s rugby playing nations such as New Zealand, Australia, South Africa and England, a majority of them have developed an allegiance to the sport. However, in countries that are not top tier in the tradition 15s rugby, most of the fans are in the awareness stage of the PCM. In these countries, it can be argued that spectators are more likely to advance into the attraction stage based on the performance of the team in the series. Broadcasting channels are the most likely catalyst of thi s advancement in contrast to social groupings and connections. For instance, in Kenya sevens rugby fans have developed allegiance to the national team instilled by national pride. The allegiance is believed to have resulted from the consistent performance of the national sevens team in the series. As a result, the leading communication company in the country, safaricom, initiated a yearly event dubbed the safaricom sevens series. The event has gained popularity among the Kenyan elite class with growing spectator numbers since its year of inception.The IRB sevens series is associated with the global bank HSBC. The bank holds all the naming rights of all tournaments in the series. However, the bank sublets the naming rights of some naming rights of some of the tournaments to other sponsors while still holding the naming rights of the whole series. Though the brand image of the bank is not directly transferable to the rough sport, the bank is able to establish its trademark and promote the services it offers to its customers through the event. 2. Analyse product augmentations or activities from the event itself and inspect media types such as websites, TV advertisements, radio, newspaper, etc toidentify elementsfrom the event and within media types thatlinkto any of 7 Es that would attract spectators, participants or attendees.a. Discusswhythese elements link to 7 Es? (Hint: remember to use elements of 7Es, cognition, affect and psychological involvement to assist in answering these questions).Various elements from the series would help drive the degree of spectatorship of this global event. For instance, in the promotion of the series the IRB team developed a promotional campaign dubbed #bringyourgame. The promotion strategy was meant to capture the attention of spectators towards this event. Through the advert the IRB hopes to create a cognition in the viewers mind that would let them perceive sevens rugby as a fun sport. By watching the advert , the viewers mind is filled with images that make him/her seek involvement in the sport. The advert shows that the fans are the real supporters of the game and the players are just a central part of the all event. In addition, the television commercial shows that the sport is cross-cultural and that it attracts its viewers from various demographic segments. All these strategies by the IRB aim at developing a schema in the spectators minds that would effect to a positive attitude towards the sports. By showing images of star players from the participatory countries, the advert believes that it can help its spectators recall the experiences in previous events. Though a memory recall the advert will be able to create a positive affect of the event. Through the advert, one can argue that spectators in the attachment and allegiance psychographic levels develop a feeling of belonging to the sport. The spectators perceive themselves as belonging to a social group that can match supporters of other sports. Not only does the advert capture the fans emotions, but also shows them the excitement and entertainment levels associated the sport. This is because all the people in the advert are in a jovial mood; one that IRB wants to associate with the sport. The effects of the advert on its viewers affect inspire them to develop an action call. The IRB achieves this by using the #bringyourgame hash tag. Through the Hash tag, rugby fans can communicate to one another and the rest of their world their perceptions and feelings towards the event. Therefore, the advert is a well thought marketing strategy that will not only attract more viewers to the sport but also aid in developing allegiance towards the sports for new followers of the game. b. Discusshow wellyou feel the product augmentations or activities from the event and those used in the media types link to 7Es.Supportyour answer by providing examples of areas of product augmentations or activities from the event or those used in media types that were either done well or poorly. The #bringyourgame was used with great effect in marketing the event. This is because the hash tag acted as a platform for instilling involvement in the event through conversations. Thereby, Rugby fans were able to share their thoughts and experiences from previous events. As a result, the fans developed a feeling anxiety where each of them anticipated the kick-off of the event. Though the hash tag was effective in generating conversations on twitter, IRB should have considered other social media. For instance, involvement in facebook conversations was quite low as compared to twitter. The low level of involvement could be attributed to the events bias towards one social media tool. By involving facebook in their conversations, the IRB could affect the degree of influence of the event through conversations in the social network. Despite the high levels of engagement initiated by twitter conversations, the IRB should also consider developing cognition in the minds of their facebook fans. c. Identify what 7Es are eithermissing or implemented poorlyand need inclusion or improvementin the event. Describe what product augmentations or activities you would improve or include in the event to link to 7Es. Describe how these included or improved product augmentations or activities are going to better link to 7Es. (Hint: remember to use elements of 7Es, cognition, affect and psychological involvement to assist in answering these questions)The series does not develop the element of existence towards their fans. Sevens Rugby fans do not have a lifestyle that they would associate with to socially define their sport. Existence would help achieve high numbers of supporters, as they would have an identity that defines them. The IRB would consider using some of its top players as their opinion leaders. On this regard, rugby fans will develop an altitude towards the opinion leader. These opinion leaders can be expressed through use in commercials and adverts not only for the sport but also for the contributing sponsors. When constantly viewed as public figures, viewers will tend to idolize these leaders by emulating their fashion trends and behaviours. Therefore, the IRB should note that existence is the best measure of its fans allegiance to the sport. Further, the IRB should develop strategies that will help define sevens rugby fans. d. Identify what 7Es are eithermissing or implemented poorlyin advertisements used invarious media typesidentified previously. If you feel some of the 7Es are missing from advertisements in media types and need inclusionidentifywhich of the 7Es needs inclusion and then describehow these 7Es would be included. If you feel some of the 7Es used in media types need improving thenidentifywhich of the 7Es needs improving and thendescribehow you would improve the 7E to make it more effective. (Hint: remember to use elements of 7Es, cognition, affe ct and psychological involvement to assist in answering these questions).The bring your game advert is effective in exploring most of the 7Es with the exception of escapism. The commercial fails to develop a mood where the viewer feels that he/she is in an extraordinary place. Through the commercial, the viewer does not conceptualize the notion that he/she can relieve the tension associated with his/her daily routine. The advert would achieve this element by capturing reactions of persons ... Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-69760943927073913172020-05-19T15:35:00.001-07:002020-05-19T15:35:05.034-07:00The Importance Of Education In Public School Education Education, for both youth and adults in the United States has been labeled to have extreme importance. The United States is blessed to have the right to a free education and access to resources to help develop further education. This right is not restricted to those with a learning disability or special need. Students found to have a special need (i.e. autism, down syndrome etc.) are given the same opportunity to be educated. By attending schools with children who have these challenges, it is noticeable that specific students are treated differently based on their condition, specifically, autism. These students should be educated based on the extent of their condition, but should not be denied the opportunity to be with their peers. Beingâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦46.) A public classroom is the least restrictive location for a child. If a child can withstand a classroom setting, they should be given the opportunity to experience public school as other children are. This is a law that schools are to abide by. If a child, or their parent(s), wish for their child to participate in classroom activities, the school is required to allow them. The opportunity for autism children to be in classes with their peers not only benefits the child with autism, but also the children around them. Growing up in an elementary school, where a large portion of the disabled children attended, I had the opportunity to observe and interact with autistic children during school hours. If children are introduced to those with autism at an early age, they can be more understanding and compassionate towards children with autism, helping them to have a more positive learning experience. It is much easier to introduce children to each other when they are young and still developing social skills. Autistic children are given the right to attend public classrooms, but the classroom environment isnââ¬â¢t always for every child. Children with low functioning autism may not be able to handle the stresses of being in a public classroom with other large quantities of children. These children should not be forced to attend classes that they should not feel comfortable. If children attend classesShow MoreRelatedTuition Free Public College Education1677 Words à |à 7 PagesAnd Education for All: Tuition-Free Public College Education Everyone has the right to an education and education should be as accessible as possible to fulfill this need. 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She indicates that schools are wasting their money and time on preparing students to pass state test instead of teaching them valuable life skills needed to succeed. She provides interesting support for this argument and explains why schools need to stop teaching the importance of test scores and focus Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-24226283082339711792020-05-06T22:16:00.001-07:002020-05-06T22:16:10.526-07:00An Ideal Understanding Of The Catholic Christianity... This idea presents an ideal understanding of the catholic Christianity perception of a wife. It was the understanding of the Catholic Christians and a construction that looked a perfect presentation of how and what a wife should be. Though we cannot dispute the opinions presented by Monica, we can only try to understand it better as according to the condition and circumstances we are living. The confessions were done several years back however they carry an intrinsic meaning and reason why they are still relevant. We can uphold the argument as presented by Augustineââ¬â¢s mother; however, we have to acculturate the concept into the modern world and social construction by just fitting the idea in the most applicable way. Part 1 Augustineââ¬â¢s Confessions were based on Catholic Christianity. The Catholic Church itself adopted several philosophies to build their own doctrines. According to Hardon (1987) Augustine had in mind that the idea of happy life, progressing family and the idea of a family with the head. According to him this needed to have a head that other subjects were to be submissive to. In a marriage, the family primarily is made up of two individuals, a wife and a man. The man will traditionally assume the head of the family. During the medieval period, a head had to be respected and followed. 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A Therefore, a close scrutiny of the phenomenon of à olonialism is necessary c to appreciate the degree to which it influenced not only the economic and political development of Africa but also the African peopleââ¬â¢s perception of themselves. This chapter focuses on the major European colonial powers in Africa. It will begin by comparing and contrasting in some detail the racial a à ttitudes of the British, the French, and the Portuguese, proceeds to à iscuss d Read MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words à |à 99 Pageslittle liberty for a little security deserves neither and will lose bothâ⬠. Censorship has been around for as long as humans had the ability to voice their opinion and his fellow man has deemed it appropriate to chastise this opinion. â⬠¢ In Platoââ¬â¢s ideal state outlined in The Republic, official censors would prohibit mothers and nurses from relating tales deemed bad or evil â⬠¢ Shi Huang Ti: Penchant for burning books â⬠¢ Freedom of speech in ancient Rome was restricted to those in positions of Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-7762373108240324052020-05-06T06:38:00.001-07:002020-05-06T06:38:42.556-07:00Auditing Management Expressions of Confidence Question: Discuss about the case study Auditing for Management Expressions of Confidence. Answer: Introduction: 1. Accounting has been an essential element of finance since the ancient times. In the historic times accountants used to be called as bookkeepers who maintained the records of accounting transactions. However, with the constant development in the process of accounting, it has become professionally certified since the 19th century. There has been development in accounting in many different ways that upgrades the nature of accounting, regulatory system, accounting standards and principles. Accounting is a set of records and recognition of financial transactions that helps in analysis of the performance of the organization or individual in an accounting or financial year. Accounting helps in assessment in assessment of profit and loss in a financial year as well as determines the value of assets and liabilities at the end of the accounting year (Mohammadi, 2015). Though the basic concept of accounting has remained same since the ancient times, the methods, principles and standards have been developing for preparation of accounting statements. Preparation and recording of accounting transactions manually have been developed to that in a computerized manner. Several accounting software have been invented and updated over the period to make the process of recording transactions easy and accurate. Apart from that, conventional method developed to modern accounting method so that the desired results are more accurate. For example, computation of depreciation involved historical value of assets under the conventional method of accounting. But in case of modern accounting method, recent value of asset is considered that produces accurate and fair depreciation charges. In order to keep pace with the recent economic trend, accounting principles and standards are being developed to provide transparent and accurate results. Like standard on recording fo reign exchange transaction according to the closing exchange rate on the recording day provides accurate profit and loss on foreign exchange deals (Soh, Leung Leong, 2015). Similarly, auditing has also been developed over the period to serve the users more efficiently and effectively. It is an organized form of scrutiny and verification of accounting records and statements to evaluate the authenticity of the same. Auditing is a concept, which is formed on the basis of accounting and revolves around the concept of examination of books of accounts and statements. Auditing is conducted to examine whether these statements and records depict a true and fair image of an organizations books of accounts. Just like the accounting information, methods and standards that regulates the process of auditing also been developed from time to time. The accounting and auditing boards have specified the limits of capital and turnover of the assessees exceeding which requires mandatory auditing (Ezzamel Xiao, 2015). Auditing is conducted for both companies and individual assessees depending on their value of turnover. In case of companies, different types of auditing are considered as required by the Corporation laws and auditing standards. For example, internal audit, periodical audit, tax audit, bank audit, forensic audit and many more so that the users of the financial statement can get true picture of the companys performance (Westermann, Bedard Earley, 2015). Auditor is required to provide an opinion on the correctness and fairness of the financial statements through qualified, unqualified and adverse report. The process and requirements of stating such opinions and conclusions have been developed over the period so that it depicts a clear picture (Klychova et al., 2015). As provided in the case of Whigarian view of history, it is true that continuous process of any act with a positive belief always generates progressive and developed results. Similarly, in accounting and auditing constant development and advancement has been made to serve the society in a better and fair way. Such advancement in both the components of finance has been made with respect to save the time in preparing the accounting statements without any error. Such advancement also helps to maintain the necessary records of accounting as well as of auditing in more concise manner. As the education system and industries in economy are increasing at high percentage, it is very important to develop the systems of managing the organizations that presents clear, unambiguous, accurate and authenticated information. At the same time recognition and measuring turnover, profits, losses, expected returns and other required information should not be time consuming (Bedford Ziegler, 2016). Therefore, it is important to develop the systems of different areas of finance that helps in analyzing the financial position and other relevant information. Accountants and auditors have to be keen on learning and practice the new, developed and advanced areas and techniques so that they can serve the company and society in the best possible manner (Soh, Leung Leong, 2015). 2. Many nations have institutionalized the regulations and standards that govern the system of auditing under which auditor independence has become difficult. Auditors perform their work through analytical procedures to provide a conclusion for their clients business. However, some conflicts of interests occur among the professionals while performing their several jobs to serve one objective. In this regard, many authors have provided theories on moral seduction as well as strategic issue cycle. While some of the theories like Sarbanes Oxley Act does not reflect the true picture on independence of the professionals or auditors that is a consequence of incorrect understanding for the biasness of the auditors (Berman et al., 2015). In presenting the opinion on auditing for the clients, the auditors have to be unbiased to perform their audit work. This is because auditing is conducted to provide reliability and authenticity of the books of accounts and financial statements of the organization. Hence, auditors need to examine the books of accounts independently to provide a reasonable opinion on the correctness and fairness of the accounting information. In delivering the examination and opinion on the books of accounts of the clients, auditors have to present their performance based on the intuition, analytical process, qualitative and quantitative measures. However, in analyzing the books of accounts, auditors have the reasonable responsibility while the absolute responsibility is that of the management of the organization (Guiral et al., 2015). There are several reasons based on structural features that create conflicts of interest between auditor- client relationships that affect the professional judgment of the auditors. The structural features of the profession of the auditors are appointing and removing the auditors by the organizations management. Another feature of the structural issue is undertaking of jobs with the clients. Under the first feature independence of auditors are affected by their appointment terms and conditions. Organizations have the freedom to appoint auditors of their choice based on their set criteria. Such appointment based on the different conditions affect the independence of performance of the auditors. In providing, the opinion of the auditors on the clients financial report might be biased for reasons like fear of being removed from the auditing position, increased audit fees and such other reasons. Such threats and weaknesses on the part of auditors appointment affect the independence on th eir unbiased performance and increase the conflicts of interest with the clients relationships. Besides, individual auditors or audit firms having brand name are perceived to be more independent in performing their audit work and delivering the critical opinion on the financial statements of the organizations (Rupp et al., 2015). In case of second feature, undertaking of jobs with the clients also affects the independence of audit work because of the relationship between auditors and clients. Sometimes, the relationship between them builds a common identity and creates a favorable behavior among the fellow members of the group. Apart from that, auditors perform multiple works for their clients other than the audit work. This multiple work performance affects the efficiency and concentration on reviewing the accounting records and books of accounts to examine its fairness and transparency. Accepting of non-audit works by the auditors are also an essential reasons for conflicts of interest in the client and auditors relationship because of the fear of losing job by the auditors (Asare, Wright Zimbelman, 2015). Most of the nations legislative systems have allowed the interest conflicts that have become common in the recent years. Several theorists have raised the question on why do auditors or clients accepts such policies that create the conflicts in performance of the work as well as providing conclusion on the opinion. Accounting and auditing are the most important components that provide the opinion on the continuity of the organization. Accounting provides the information on the profitability, incomes, expenses, value of assets and liabilities, investments and other vital financial information (Downar, Ernstberger Koch, 2016). On the other hand, auditing provides the authenticity, true and fairness of the books of accounts and financial statements of the company. Auditing stress upon the correctness of the recognition of accounting transactions according to the International Financial Reporting Standards as well as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. At the same time, process of auditing also takes place following the International Auditing Standards that provides the auditors a proper direction for the better performance (Whittle, Mueller Carter, 2016). Hence, it is important to focus and perform the auditing without compromising on their independence so the users are able to get a clear and true picture of the organization. Stakeholders of the companies should be provided the correct information about the company that helps them in taking better and fair business decisions to achieve the goals (Hoos, Kochetovaà Kozloski d'Arcy, 2015). 3. Independence is an essential factor every auditor is required to have while performing the auditing work. Management of companies might have interests in showing the accounting records and financial statements that favors the performance of the companies. However, it is the responsibility of the independent auditors to present the audit report free from falsification, unbiased on the analysis of the organizations financial status. An auditor should follow the code of ethics and audit principles and standards to perform the auditing of a company to provide a clear understanding and fair work performance. In order to perform the auditing independently, it is important to have unbiased behavior for the client company and fellow member. In this context, most of the nations have developed the principles and standards of audit performance to regulate the performance of auditors effectively and efficiently (Gold et al., 2015). However, sometimes auditors biased behavior whether knowingly or unknowingly affects the independence of the auditor. Auditors biased performance on the auditing of account statements and financial statements might present the conclusions and results in favor of the client company. But, the same does affect the reliability and competence on the performance of the fellow audit members. Since a financial statement of an organization presents the financial status and performance of business as a whole, it is very important to provide unbiased and credible opinion on the audit reports. Audit reports provide four types of opinion- unqualified opinion, qualified opinion, adverse opinion and disclaimer of opinion that should be form an unbiased appraisal from the companys auditor (Hatfield Mullis, 2015). Unqualified opinion in the auditors report provides a clean opinion on the financial statement of the client company for which the audit was conducted. This type of report is presented when auditor determines each of the accounting records and statements are free from errors, misrepresentation and fraud (Westermann, Bedard Earley, 2015). Qualified opinion is provided when auditors find the account statements free from misrepresentations but do not harmonize with the International Financial Reporting Standards and Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) (Westermann, Bedard Earley, 2015). Adverse opinion is presented when the financial statements of a company do not conform with the GAAP as well as it reflects gross misrepresentation of the accounting records. This type of opinion provides a negative impact on the companys financial status and its continuity (Gold et al., 2015). Disclaimer of opinion arises when auditor is not able to perform complete audit procedures to provide accurate report due to certain limitations on the scope from the management (Whittle, Mueller Carter, 2016). Since, auditors opinion on the financial statements of the organization helps the stakeholders to form opinion for various purposes, it is important to give unbiased and fair opinion. Ironic rebound effect is portrays unforeseen problems that emerge when auditors strive to overcome certain thoughts, ideas, beliefs, attitudes while performing the audit procedures. Sometimes auditors being biased towards their clients on forming judgments and opinions on the financial statements of the organization. Such biasness does not reflect the true picture of the companys performance and shows the auditors work against the code of ethics and principles of the audit regulations. Auditing is the examination of books of accounts and financial statements of a company to provide a true and fairness review on the performance of the company. Hence, auditors work in this respect is critical and significant as there are various accounting records that need to be examined by using sampling methods. This method of auditing is based on the probability and random selection. Therefore, ironic rebound effect in case of sampling test may provide false results because the selection should be according to value and number of transactions (Aghazadeh Joe, 2015). In order to form a true and fair opinion on the accounting records of the company the auditor is required to follow the necessary principles and standards that regulate the audit procedures. However, it is not possible to check and verify each of the data, evidence, ledger and documents for the purpose of crosscheck, the auditor should be very careful while selecting the data. Such selection of the data provides the overall opinion on the true and fair view of the organizations performance as well as the transparency in maintain the records. Auditors have to overcome with the rebound effect to provide the credible and clear opinion about the company to serve the stakeholders and other users of financial statements in a better way. The auditor should not form any opinion out of biasness or rebound effect on the companys financial statements that is in favor of the client company (Aghazadeh Joe, 2015). Reference List: Aghazadeh, S., Joe, J. R. (2015). How Management's Expressions of Confidence Influence Auditors Skeptical Response to Management's Explanations.Available at SSRN 2623537. Asare, S. K., Wright, A., Zimbelman, M. F. (2015). Challenges Facing Auditors in Detecting Financial Statement Fraud: Insights from Fraud Investigations.Journal of Forensic Investigative Accounting,7(2). Bedford, N. M., Ziegler, R. E. (2016). The contributions of AC Littleton to accounting thought and practice.Memorial Articles for 20th Century American Accounting Leaders,49, 219. Berman, E. M., Bowman, J. S., West, J. P., Van Wart, M. R. (2015).Human resource management in public service: Paradoxes, processes, and problems. Sage Publications. Downar, B., Ernstberger, J., Koch, C. W. (2016). Reviewing a Friend-The Role of Social Ties in Review Work in Auditing.Available at SSRN 2732480. Ezzamel, M., Xiao, J. Z. (2015). The development of accounting regulations for foreign invested firms in China: The role of Chinese characteristics.Accounting, Organizations and Society,44, 60-84. Gold, A., Klynsmit, P., Wallage, P., Wright, A. (2015). The Impact of Auditor Selection Regime and Audit Committee Appointment Power on Investment Decisions.Available at SSRN 2484415. Guiral, A., Rodgers, W., Ruiz, E., Gonzalo-Angulo, J. A. (2015). Can expertise mitigate auditors unintentional biases?.Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation,24, 105-117. Hatfield, R. C., Mullis, C. (2015). Negotiations between auditors and their clients regarding adjustments to the financial statements.Business Horizons,58(2), 203-208. Hoos, F., Kochetovaà Kozloski, N., d'Arcy, A. C. (2015). The Importance of the Chief Audit Executive's Communication: Experimental Evidence on Internal Auditors' Judgments in a Two Masters Setting.International Journal of Auditing,19(3), 166-181. Klychova, G. S., Fakhretdinova, E. N., Klychova, A. S., Antonova, N. V. (2015). Development of accounting and financial reporting for small and medium-sized businesses in accordance with international financial reporting standards.Asian Social Science,11(11), 318. Mohammadi, S. (2015). Full development of the theory of accounting and auditing.International Journal of Accounting and Economics Studies,3(1), 7-9. Rupp, D. E., Wright, P. M., Aryee, S., Luo, Y. (2015). Organizational justice, behavioral ethics, and corporate social responsibility: Finally the three shall merge.Management and Organization Review,11(01), 15-24. Soh, D. S., Leung, P., Leong, S. (2015). The development of integrated reporting and the role of the accounting and auditing profession. InSocial Audit Regulation(pp. 33-57). Springer International Publishing. Westermann, K. D., Bedard, J. C., Earley, C. E. (2015). Learning the Craft of Auditing: A Dynamic View of Auditors' Onà theà Job Learning.Contemporary Accounting Research,32(3), 864-896. Whittle, A., Mueller, F., Carter, C. (2016). The Big Fourin the spotlight: Accountability and professional legitimacy in the UK audit market.Journal of Professions and Organization, jow001. Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-5063334867972624222020-04-21T13:06:00.001-07:002020-04-21T13:06:02.590-07:00Tips for Success at College Who would not want to be successful at every stage of life? While each person may have a different definition of success, a general definition states that any person who is able to achieve his goals and shows progress in his life is said to be successful. At college, there are several ways in which students can be successful i.e. success in academics, success in student-run societies, success at job and success at sports. Some students are able to achieve all of these while some cannot even be successful in one task. I made up my mind to excel in academics and one other activity which, according to me, would make me a successful student at college. I used to write my essay carefully, submit assignments well before deadline and developed good relations with instructors and teaching assistants. Furthermore, I served as the president of Media and Arts society of my college for one academic year. Following are some tips that can help you become successful at college in any category you want: Developing contacts with people: Experts and graduated students claim that the most successful students among all are those who are in good terms with as many people from various batches as possible. If you have links with people, you will be able to get several tasks done easily through their reference. Also, you can achieve success at societies through your reference: someone you know will definitely favor you over anyone else. So as soon as college begins, start getting involved in ice breaking activities and interact with people by yourself. As a freshman, very few people will approach you to interact so it is your responsibility to talk to people on any topic. Remember, do not annoy people by trying to interact too much. Have the passion and dedication: Nobody in this world can stop a passionate and dedicated person to succeed in anything he wants. Set a clear goal for yourself so that you can work on it with dedication. Spend a lot of time and efforts keeping in mind that you are not alone running in the race. You will meet a number of competitors who would want to reach the heights you are aiming at so you can only win if you regularly show passion and dedication towards the goal. Give your 100% and make it visible to the higher authorities. Get proficient in time management: A lot of students could not achieve everything they want just because they are not able to manage time properly. Learn how to divide all your tasks properly in the available time because the most successful entrepreneurs and industrialists claim time management to be the most crucial thing in life. So from the very first day of college, try allocating the time appropriately between tasks. You can do this in a better way by writing down a timetable for the entire week. Eventually, you will get proficient in time management and focus well on the goals. Eliminate procrastination and laziness from your life: This point is quite self-explanatory. The key to success in any task is avoiding procrastination and laziness at all times. These habits can lead you to miss out on a lot of opportunities. I used to write my essay and do my assignments as soon as they were assigned to me. Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-413060879728387322020-03-16T06:48:00.001-07:002020-03-16T06:48:03.542-07:002004 Ethical Issues and CriticismsEnrons (USA) and Parmalats (Italy) Scandals of 2003/2004 Ethical Issues and Criticisms Introduction The recent global economic crisis left on its wake a number of bankrupt business organisations. These were especially those business organisations that were poorly structured or poorly managed such that they were unable to withstand the effects of the crisis.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Enronââ¬â¢s (USA) and Parmalatââ¬â¢s (Italy) ââ¬ËScandalsââ¬â¢ of 2003/2004: Ethical Issues and Criticisms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, there are some organisations which filed for bankruptcy within the same period but whose downfall cannot be fully attributed to the global economic meltdown. Those were for example the firms that were embroiled in financial and other forms of scandals whose effects might have made it hard for them to withstand the crisis. An example of companies or business organisations that reported poor performance and filed for bankruptcy in the 21st century is Enron Corp oration and Parmalat SpA. The former used to operate from Houston, Texas, with more than 20,000 employees. The company filed for bankruptcy late 2001. Prior to this, it was considered to be one of the leading organisations in the energy, communications and pulp paper industries. In 2000, this organisationââ¬â¢s revenues were approximated to be more than 100 billion US dollars. However, the company came crumbling down by the end of 2001 after it emerged that the financial records filed by the management were fraudulent and misleading. This is where the infamous Enron scandal emerged from. This was more or less the same for Parmalat SpA by the end of 2003. Before then, the company was hailed as one of the leading dairy firms in the world. Operating from Italy, the organisation has operations in various cities around the world. Apart from dairy products, the company is also known for its production and distribution of fruit juices through its various subsidiaries and outlets all ove r the world. The organisation has more than 140 production plants scattered all over the world. These (together with the other business operations) engage approximately 36000 members of staff. The collapse of this company and the reported financial fraud associated with the fraud made analysts term this as one of the biggest bankruptcies in the continent. It was likened to the Enron scandal mentioned earlier in this paper, with parallels drawn on how the two organisations misrepresented their financial reports prior to their collapse. In this report, the author will critically analyse the ethical issues revolving around the two financial scandals mentioned above. In the report, the author will set out the main issues and criticisms surrounding the two scandals. The extent to which these scandals could be considered as ethical and legal violations will also be analysed.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper wi th 15% OFF Learn More The author will also analyse the impact of the two events on the general publicââ¬â¢s views of business operations in USA and Italy. This is in addition to a critical analysis of the extent to which the two events reflect their respective national contexts. Finally, the author will provide informed recommendations on how such scandals can be averted in the future. The Main Issues Enronââ¬â¢s Financial ââ¬ËScandalââ¬â¢: The Main Issues Enron was established in 1985 and emerged to be one of the largest public investment companies in America. This was before its bankruptcy in 2001 as mentioned earlier. The company had invested in more than 30 products in various economic sectors around the world. It was widely associated with its enormous investment in the profitable energy industry (Petrick Scherer 2003). Enron had operated as a successful company for decades. It was one of the most profitable investment companies in America. Thus, ma ny business persons invested in Enron. The company had employed thousands of employees and collaborated with dozens of American companies in its operations. However, the company operated in a fraudulent and unethical manner. One of the key issues that led to the failure and bankruptcy of Enron was the lack of transparency and the dishonesty of Enronââ¬â¢s key top management team and partners. The accounting, auditing and consulting firm- Arthur Andersen- was implicated in the scandal for its dishonest business dealings with Enron (Cramton 2004). The inflation of accounting book records and assets held by Enron evidenced the greediness of the top management in their attempts to enrich themselves by embezzling the shareholdersââ¬â¢ assets. The management was involved in inflation of the value of the companyââ¬â¢s assets. They intentionally misled the shareholders to believe that the company had stable assets. This also persuaded more investors to entrust their money with the company. Its financial statements were not transparent at all. They were tampered with and manoeuvred to depict a stable performance even when the company was making huge losses (Jennings Marianne 2002). The illegal and unethical behaviour of the management had significant impacts on the American economy and the global economy in extension. Members of the executive awarded themselves with huge compensation packages that seemed to be targeted at enriching them instead of fairly compensating them.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Enronââ¬â¢s (USA) and Parmalatââ¬â¢s (Italy) ââ¬ËScandalsââ¬â¢ of 2003/2004: Ethical Issues and Criticisms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The compensation in terms of bonuses and stock option for the top management was directly linked to the practice of deal making that disregarded quality accounting practices. This in turn led to a misguided and unhealthy corporate culture wit hin the firm. The employees were encouraged to focus on high, short term returns by the system (Rhode Paton 2002). Parmalatââ¬â¢s Financial Scandal: Main Issues Parmalat was one of the leading multinational food and dairy producers based and founded in Italy before its bankruptcy and collapse in 2003. The company had engaged thousands of employees and thousands of dairy farmers in Italy depended solely on it. Investors had also heavily engaged themselves with the company through the Milan Stock Exchange where it was publicly trading. With its operations in dozens of countries, Parmalat was a major employer and business partner (Coffee 2005). Some of the key ethical issues at Parmalat included the fraudulent financial practices that the company was involved in. Members of the top management team intentionally failed to provide the correct financial information including the status of the companyââ¬â¢s debts and losses. The company was making losses and covering them up. The to p management kept it a secret and whoever came close to learning about it was fired including, the chief accounting Officer Fausto Tonna. The cover up, forgery and non-disclosure were directly linked to its bank. Upon its collapse, thousands lost their jobs and investments. The figure below shows the indirect and direct control that one large shareholder (the Tanzi family) had in terms of voting rights. This indicates the extent of unethical control of organisations by some shareholders. The structure provides adequate avenues for a shareholder who was also the chairperson and C.E.O to inappropriately pursue his own interests disregarding those of the other stakeholders. The minority shareholders who had little or no power at Parmalat Corporation were exploited at the expense of the majority shareholder (Melis 2005). Figure 1: Direct and Indirect Control of One Shareholder over ParmalatAdvertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Adapted from: Madsen Vance 2009 Criticisms, Ethical, and Legal Aspects of the Scandals The fall of this Italian giant led to the loss of public confidence on financial reporting. The Italian public and the investing community was largely made to distrust the system of accounting, auditing, and financial reporting that seemed to have worked for ages before. The loss of jobs worldwide made employees of many multinationals to lose confidence and trust of their parent companies. The accounting and auditing professionals all over the world were enormously affected. Ethical questions and concerns were raised as far as their profession was concerned. It is one of the most trusted professions that are supposed to appropriately guide the investors, creditors, members of public, and other stakeholders. But instead, it was implicated in the scandal (Coffee 2005). The Enron scandal brought to fore significant legal concerns. Some of them included the concern whether the banks had enough legal frameworks to prevent the occurrence of such scandals in the future. It also proved that the American investorsââ¬â¢ legal protection was not fully effective in this changing market. The legal structures and mechanisms of preventing such scandals were downplayed. This is an indication of the fact that the legal system needs to catch up with the changing markets and investment environment. The stateââ¬â¢s role in corporate investigations was also challenged. The stateââ¬â¢s failure to put in place enough measures to protect the investors, creditors, and employees made them lose trust in state mechanisms and systems (Wearing 2005). Parmalat and Enron scandals raised major ethical issues touching on marketing and conflict of interest that existed between the companies and their main partners. For example, the illegal collaboration that existed between the Bank of America, Parmalat, Arthur Andersen and Enron in defrauding the investors was unacceptable and unethical. People wh o had trusted these companies with their pension lost everything. The public lost faith in the American and Italian investment markets. The failure of the American and Italian regulatory authorities to prevent the occurrence of these scandals had far reaching implications on members of the public who for years depended on these stock markets as an investment channel (Wearing 2005). Impacts on the Publicââ¬â¢s View of Business Behaviour in USA and Italy The American education system- especially the standards set in business, accounting and law schools in teaching ethics- was highly questioned. Ethical concerns were raised on the level, standard, and quality of ethical education and training of business and accounting students. Education- which is highly regarded as the absolute remedy for unfair and unjust business practices- was viewed as having failed. This is especially so given that most of these executives were highly educated and experienced in their respective professions ( Berndt 2000). Key Issues Corruption was endemic at Enron and Parmalat organisations. At Enron, the top management used shareholdersââ¬â¢ assets to improve their financial standing. Derivatives and stock option bonuses that the top management provided themselves with were illegal, unfair and unjustified. These are the people who the shareholders entrusted with their assets to protect their financial interests. Instead they were stealing from the company and shareholdersââ¬â¢ assets. At Parmalat, the influence of family businesses on voting rights was noted. The ownership and control structure at Parmalat was largely characterised by one major shareholder. This led to indirect and direct control over the companyââ¬â¢s financial gains (Wearing 2005). Non-disclosure of the correct accounting records characterised both firms. This lack of disclosure as far as the correct accounting records such as book balances, asset portfolio and balance sheets was concerned misled all the sta keholders. This unethical practice by the executives was intentional and aimed at harming not benefiting the employees, creditors, shareholders, and the investing public (Madsen Vance 2009). Parmalatââ¬â¢s misguiding and misleading information was intended for the shareholders and other stakeholders. The falsified financial information and doctored accounting records made the American and the investing public lose trust and respect for the auditing and accounting profession. These dishonest and fraudulent acts shattered the trust the public had on the American securitiesââ¬â¢ exchange market as well as the trust of employees and shareholders as far as the protection of their interests by top leadership is concerned (Madsen Vance 2009). Other major ethical issues of concern in the organisations include the relationship with the suppliers, customers, competitors and marketers. Ethical concerns for the customers include the quality and safety of the product. Conflict of interes t and illegal business practices existed in both firms. At Enron, the consulting and auditing firm- Arthur Andersen- was at the centre of the unethical business practices (Crane Matten 2010). According to investigations carried out at Enron and Parmalat, the top leadership had adequate remuneration packages. In spite of this, they used improper mechanisms- such as the use of unfair derivatives and stock options- to enrich themselves using the shareholdersââ¬â¢ assets (Berndt 2000). This is an indication of the extent of corporate greed among top managers and leaders. They also supported a greedy corporate culture that focused on short-term benefits. At Enron, the top leadership seemed to support the culture of ââ¬Å"get returns quick, no matter the means, and donââ¬â¢t get caughtâ⬠. Enron and Parmalat had loyal shareholders and hardworking employees. Top leaders in every organisation are expected to safeguard the interests of these stakeholders. This is vital for the su ccess of the organisation. However, the leadership in both organisations sacrificed shareholdersââ¬â¢ interests and employeesââ¬â¢ rights for their own personal interests (Melis 2005). Measures to Avoid such Scandals in the Future and Recommendations Internal Investigation and Prevention It is a requirement for every company to have mechanisms such as internal auditing to detect flaws and prevent or correct them on time. However, it is not enough to simply assume that all organisations have proper internal systems. Research has shown that with proper internal mechanisms, companies are less likely to experience fraud, dishonesty and other unethical business practices. It is therefore necessary for organisations to put in place proper internal auditing, accounting and overall business investigation mechanisms (Coburn 2006). Whistle Blowing Whistle blowing is done by the bold and courageous individuals in an organisation. The support and encouragement accorded to whistle blowers at Parmalat and Enron could have prevented the scandals. Whistle blowers could have observed and disclosed the unethical, immoral, and illegal business practices at the organisation at an earlier stage. This could have saved many parties from losing their jobs and investment. Organisations from all over the world should encourage whistle blowing at every level of the business entity. Employees and managers cannot be effective whistleblowers and cannot raise the alarm if they are not accorded proper training in expected organisational ethical practices (Crane Matten 2010). The Amendment and Enactment of Laws National and international laws are vital in regulating the conduct of multinationals such as Parmalat and Enron. The American and Italian laws on unfair business practices, unethical behaviours by the executives and laws on corporate governance were not adequate. Although the concerned parties were legally charged in a court of law- and some of the cases are still ongoing in th e legal system- there is need to enact more laws that properly address key modern unethical and illegal business practices (Coburn 2006). Government policies, measures and laws should be adjusted to include the changes taking place due to globalisation. The American employment laws were questioned after the occurrence of the Enron scandal which left thousands jobless. The American public and workforce lost faith in employeeââ¬â¢s protection and rights laws. It was therefore an appropriate measure to amend and adjust some of the key American employment laws. These laws should be updated in tandem with the changing workplace environment especially due to globalisation. The US Securities Exchange and New York Stock Exchange need to adjust to the changing investment environment and the changes in corporate crime and investment frauds (Coburn 2006). The community should play the vital role of rewarding ethical standards. It is the role of the society to embrace acceptable values, stan dards, and behaviour as well as punish the unacceptable ones. As a result of this, individuals such as managers and employees will feel obligated to do what is acceptable and right in their operations. This will help in building communities that are morally and ethically sound, conducive for the mutual coexistence among individuals (Melis 2005). Education and Training Business, accounting, auditing and legal professions are inextricably intertwined with business operations of an organisation. It is important for individuals in these professions to be highly qualified in their field and have adequate business ethics education. The occurrence of the scandals at both Enron and Parmalat does not necessarily mean that the executives did not have enough education on ethics. However, it may imply that although they did have the knowledge of what was expected of them, they decided to be arrogant for their own personal gains. It is therefore critical to introduce courses on ethics at all lev els for employees and managers in an organisation (Giovanni 2005). Ethical decision-making processes should be supported at all levels in an organisation. At Enron, this vital role was supported but was not adequately effective due to top leadershipââ¬â¢s structure and secrecy. Employees were hard-working and gave positive results. They also engaged in collective and individual ethical decision making mechanisms. For example, the former vice president indicated that the management had interactive board meetings to solve organisational or departmental problems. However, there were certain issues that these meetings could not address. He cited that he once questioned the fact that he did not have complete access to financial records which was vital in making decisions for the development of the firm (Madsen Vance 2009). Therefore, there was lack of support for ethical decision-making mechanisms. Every organisation should embrace ethical decision-making processes among employees an d managers. It helps create and sustain ethical relationships with key stakeholders. Ethical decisions help an organisation to identify its risks, prevent, avoid and solve them. It enhances accountability, efficiency, and transparency which are necessary in todayââ¬â¢s global markets (Crane Matten 2010). Code of ethics in an organisation serves as a cornerstone and check point for ethical standards of behaviour. Every organisation sets its codes of ethics expected to be followed in the workplace. Designing ethically sound code of ethics, implementing them and sustaining them in an organisation is crucial for its success. They should be well communicated to employees and other members of the organisation. Enron had a strong code of ethics and code of conduct. Nevertheless, it did little to prevent the unethical behaviours of top leadership in the organisation (Rhode Paton 2002). Codes of ethics without proper communication, implementation and continued revision can do little in maintaining ethical standards of behaviour. It is everyoneââ¬â¢s role in the organisation to understand, implement and translate these codes of conducts and ethics at the workplace (Guorevitch Shinn 2005). Conclusion There is no amount of regulations or legislations that will ultimately prevent or stop executives, managers and employees from engaging in unethical organisational practices. It is the responsibility of individuals to learn and adopt ethics at their respective positions in the organisation. Organisations on the other hand must change and adopt codes of conducts or ethics to act as ethical guidelines. Due to globalisation, various core aspects of organisational business activities have changed. Ethical decision-making processes should be supported to enhance accountability, effectiveness, transparency, and corporate image as well improved relationships among key stakeholders. Enhanced transparency and accountability leads to enhanced overall efficiency and organisati onal performance. It helps organisations to conduct their activities in an ethically acceptable manner that ensures economic stability worldwide. References Berndt, M 2000, Global differences in corporate governance systems: theory and implications for reforms, Harvard Law School, Harvard. Coburn, NF 2006, ââ¬ËCorporate investigationsââ¬â¢, Journal of Financial Crime, vol. 13 no. 1, pp. 32-38. Coffee, JC 2005, A theory of corporate scandals: why the United States and Europe differ, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Cramton, RC 2004, Enron and the corporate lawyer: a primer on legal and ethical issues, Free Press, New York. Crane, A Matten, D 2010, Business ethics, 3rd edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Giovanni, D 2005, ââ¬ËInvestors trust after Parmalat scandal: the role of corporate governanceââ¬â¢, Journal of Business Management, vol. 4 no. 4, pp. 34-49. Guorevitch, PA Shinn, J 2005, Political power and corporate control: the new global politics of corporate gover nance, Princeton University Press, New York. Jennings, A Marianne, M 2002, ââ¬ËPrimer on Enron: lessons from a perfect storm of financial reporting, corporate governance and ethical culture failuresââ¬â¢, Journal of International Business Management, vol. 5 no. 2, pp. 23-39. Madsen, S Vance, C 2009, ââ¬ËUnlearned lessons from the past: an insiders view of Enrons Downfallââ¬â¢, Corporate Governance, vol. 9 no. 2, pp. 216-227. Melis, A 2005, Corporate ownership control, 2nd edn, Winter, New York. Petrick, JA Scherer, RF 2003, ââ¬ËThe Enron scandal and the neglect of management integrity capacityââ¬â¢, American Journal of Business, vol. 18 no. 4, pp. 53-58. Rhode, DL Paton, PD 2002, ââ¬ËLawyers ethics and Enronââ¬â¢, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 3 no. 2, pp. 34-38. Wearing, R 2005, Cases in corporate governance, Sage Publishers, London. Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-10247643109744716892020-02-28T21:12:00.001-08:002020-02-28T21:12:02.746-08:00Black & Decker (SWOT analysis) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsBlack & Decker (SWOT analysis) - Research Paper Example The industrial segment is sub divided into tradesmen and industry level. The domestic consumers are a big fan of Black & Decker products and the company enjoys fifty percent market share from this segment. However, the share at industrial level is twenty percent and tradesmen account for nine percent only. Tradesmen are not quite satisfied with the Black & Decker products as they consider the tools less professional and less reliable. Although research and development is an ongoing process at Black & Decker and due to the companyââ¬â¢s efforts, hundreds and thousands of products have become a part of the brand. Sub brands of Black & Decker are also popular at global level. Thus, the brand portfolio of Black & Decker is quite satisfactory and appeals the customers. ... other idea could be to remove the Black & Decker label from all products in the mentioned category and market the products under the name of other Black & Decker brands which are absolutely free of any negative associations. Threats Competitors such as Makita and Milwaukee are a major threat for Black & Decker. They have a market share of more than fifty percent and have better brand awareness and reputation in the power tools market. The negative image of Black & Decker can also have negative impact on the consumer segment. If strategies aimed at the growth in the tradesmen segment fail, the company might face decline in revenues and reputation. 4 Pââ¬â¢s Analysis Product Black & Decker is one of the worldââ¬â¢s biggest manufacturers of power tools and accessories. The products range from the smallest of screwdrivers which are used rarely by domestic consumers to heaviest parts of machinery used at the industrial scale. The products are classified into two categories: home use and industrial use. The industrial segment is sub divided into tradesmen and industry level. The domestic consumers are a big fan of Black & Decker products and the company enjoys fifty percent market share from this segment. However, the share at industrial level is twenty percent and tradesmen account for nine percent only. Tradesmen are not quite satisfied with the Black & Decker products as they consider the tools less professional and less reliable. Although research and development is an ongoing process at Black & Decker and due to the companyââ¬â¢s efforts, hundreds and thousands of products have become a part of the brand. Sub brands of Black & Decker are also popular at global level. Thus, the brand portfolio of Black & Decker is quite satisfactory and appeals the customers. Price A deep Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-62786661439714518672020-02-12T13:58:00.001-08:002020-02-12T13:58:02.951-08:00Opera houset promotion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsOpera houset promotion - Assignment Example The company should create a compelling advert that convinces the customers that the service at Opera Houset Company is the best. Adverts should deliver a proper message to the people, enhance the companyââ¬â¢s image, draw more people to the business while holding and keeping the existing customers (Belch and Belch 12). Promotion should be done in different ways, this will include the print media, electronic media and digital media. Print media, which include magazines and newspapers to advertise (MacRury 8). The magazines and newspaper should provide information about the companyââ¬â¢s location, its service, and the cost of their tickets. It should bring out the company as the best in providing service. The advert should be placed in the newspapers like the New York Times. Opera Houset Company should involve in promotion through electronic media, which include the use of televisions and radios to advertise on their information (Clow and Baack 11). This media is considered the best as it can reach targeted groups like teenagers. This will involve advertisement for about 30 seconds about Opera Houset Company. Advertisement through television will be the best as it creates impact on the viewer through sight of the opera company their quality halls, dinning, and best services. Trade paper advertisement will be through publishing of information about Opera Houset Company in business papers. This business books are of better production quality, high prices and large (Belch and Belch 15). They put advertisement adds on them to promote Opera Houset Company. Opera Houset Company needs to incorporate this system to obtain more customers. Digital media advertisement includes methods like social Medias, social networking, and social sites to promote information should also be used. This is a modern way of advertising information and it provides a platform to interact with customers as it advertises (Lin 16). Information from digital media is from Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-50207647847920151752020-01-31T21:18:00.001-08:002020-01-31T21:18:02.319-08:00Superfund Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 wordsSuperfund - Research Paper Example The result is the superfund, specifically which is placing funding and aid to stop the toxins and chemicals from being dumped into various regions. The approach is one which is furthered by the pressured cleanups by corporations throughout the different regions. This paper will examine the approach which is being taken by the EPA and how this is linking to the superfund. Background of the Superfund The superfund was established in New York City in 1980. It consists of a program that is based on offering monetary support and initiatives to clean up toxic waste and chemicals that are hazardous around the area. The project began after it was noted that over 22,000 tons of toxic waste were dumped by Niagara Falls, New York, in the known Love Canal. The Love Canal was completed and purchased for the use of different environmental needs. However, corporations began to pile toxic waste and chemicals into the canal. After the inability to move the toxins, the corporations covered the canal a nd sold this to the city of New York for $1. After a certain period of time, an explosion resulted from the large amount of chemicals and toxins in the area. The Love Canal continues to be hazardous for the environmental area it surrounds and directly affects the land which one is in. The superfund was established to force companies to clean up these areas and to tax those who were not complying with the law. Today, over 1,000 sites have been cleaned with billions of dollars being spent. Over 70% of the funds are going to corporations that began to the toxic waste and chemical buildup. The money is combined with government initiatives and companies which are linked to the polluted sites (New York Times, 2011). The initiatives which began with the funds and the need to clean up various areas has continued with specific policies and procedures offered by the Environmental Protection Agency. The bill was originally introduced by a bipartisan leadership group of senators and passed by t he Senate with limiting measures for the cleanup. The House amended this and approved the final alternatives in 1980 through S.1341. However, it was also noted that the final bill and law was sidetracked and moved into different departments because of the other proposals taken earlier. In the Carter Administration, a similar bill was being passed, specifically which was based on toxic waste and oil spill cleanup. This bill had been bypassed during the time because of other political objectives which would not provide the right cleanup. The problem which arose then created Congress to approve the bill with limited measures from the past history, specifically to take care of the problem with the Love Canal without considering the overall task of the Superfund and the extra requirements and provisions from the final bill and law which would be passed. This has led to a variety of amendments as well as questions of responsibility, taxation and corporate responsibility linked to the main bill (Grad, 1982). The approach which was taken in 1980 and the outcomes have resulted in political economics that have become a part of the Superfund and initiatives which have been taken. The approach which is now being taken is to develop the activities as a space for the contaminated sites that are continuing to have waste, as opposed to being active in the continuous dumping of the Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-25991585125591632942020-01-23T17:41:00.001-08:002020-01-23T17:41:02.332-08:00Cultural Diversity Essay -- School Education Diverse EssaysCultural Diversity Children should be exposed to all segments of society. Youngsters learning with children of different races, nationalities, and religions tend to be more tolerant and accepting of individual differences. They learn customs, beliefs and rituals of classmates that maybe quite different from what they have been taught. Youngsters learning in an environment of diversity are well prepared to deal more effectively in society after they complete their education. A mutual respect and understanding of other cultures removes barriers and stereotypes. Individual differences need to be threatening. In fact, knowledge of other cultures helps a person realize and appreciate the similarities more than the differences. It is most important that the teacher is trained to teach about and respect individual differences. A diverse group of youngsters can add a great deal to the classroom environment. Interaction between children, handled effectively, can promote a climate of curiosity, mutual respect an d acceptance. Nina Rees addressed the topic of teaching styles at both public and private school systems. She suggested students achieve greater results in an environment in which competition and different religious and cultural backgrounds exist. (Rees 93). Although students may have a different religion, culture, race and socio-economic level, they all deserve an equally outstanding education. There is a national attempt to give parents the option of a public or a private education for their youngsters. "There is also such a thing as a Voucher System. In "PUBLIC SCHOOLS, PRIVATE SCHOOLS, SPECIAL NEEDS, AND VOUCHER SYSTEMS- A GENERAL REVIEW OF BASIC PRINCIPLES," the author writes, "the idea of the voucher system is that parents ... ...iling grades coming from the students, they are remaining open and continue to be rewarded with extra funding. Viadero,D. Increased choice found to have modest impact on school improvement. Edweek. Retrieved October 7,2002 from Edweek.com Greene,J.P. (2001). The surprising consensus on school choice. Public interest,144,pp.19. Retrieved November 22,2002 from britannica.com Rees,N.S. School choice: a report card. World & I, 15 (9),pp.28. Retrieved November 23,2002 from britannica.com Private vs. public schools. www.internetcampus.com Public schools,private schools,special needs,and voucher systems. www.angelfire.com School choice programs: what?s happening in the states? www.heritage.org/schools/ Schoolreformers. www.schoolreformers.com Test scores: public vs. private schools. http://osx.soc.uh.edu/~bmoeller/kpftnews/092002story6.html Cultural Diversity Essay -- School Education Diverse Essays Cultural Diversity Children should be exposed to all segments of society. Youngsters learning with children of different races, nationalities, and religions tend to be more tolerant and accepting of individual differences. They learn customs, beliefs and rituals of classmates that maybe quite different from what they have been taught. Youngsters learning in an environment of diversity are well prepared to deal more effectively in society after they complete their education. A mutual respect and understanding of other cultures removes barriers and stereotypes. Individual differences need to be threatening. In fact, knowledge of other cultures helps a person realize and appreciate the similarities more than the differences. It is most important that the teacher is trained to teach about and respect individual differences. A diverse group of youngsters can add a great deal to the classroom environment. Interaction between children, handled effectively, can promote a climate of curiosity, mutual respect an d acceptance. Nina Rees addressed the topic of teaching styles at both public and private school systems. She suggested students achieve greater results in an environment in which competition and different religious and cultural backgrounds exist. (Rees 93). Although students may have a different religion, culture, race and socio-economic level, they all deserve an equally outstanding education. There is a national attempt to give parents the option of a public or a private education for their youngsters. "There is also such a thing as a Voucher System. In "PUBLIC SCHOOLS, PRIVATE SCHOOLS, SPECIAL NEEDS, AND VOUCHER SYSTEMS- A GENERAL REVIEW OF BASIC PRINCIPLES," the author writes, "the idea of the voucher system is that parents ... ...iling grades coming from the students, they are remaining open and continue to be rewarded with extra funding. Viadero,D. Increased choice found to have modest impact on school improvement. Edweek. Retrieved October 7,2002 from Edweek.com Greene,J.P. (2001). The surprising consensus on school choice. Public interest,144,pp.19. Retrieved November 22,2002 from britannica.com Rees,N.S. School choice: a report card. World & I, 15 (9),pp.28. Retrieved November 23,2002 from britannica.com Private vs. public schools. www.internetcampus.com Public schools,private schools,special needs,and voucher systems. www.angelfire.com School choice programs: what?s happening in the states? www.heritage.org/schools/ Schoolreformers. www.schoolreformers.com Test scores: public vs. private schools. http://osx.soc.uh.edu/~bmoeller/kpftnews/092002story6.html Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-51636388589689145032020-01-15T14:04:00.001-08:002020-01-15T14:04:04.003-08:00Performance Appraisal Essayââ¬Å"Performance appraisal is the process through which employee performance is assessed, feedback is provided to the employee, and corrective action plans are designedâ⬠(Youssef, 2012). So basically, a performance appraisal is the process of evaluation workersââ¬â¢ performance in correlation with previously determined standards of the organization. Performance appraisals are one way of giving employees feedback about their performance at work; they record the employeeââ¬â¢s performance to date, their potential and what they could work on to further benefit them. These appraisals do not only help them employee but they could benefit the organization as well in that it reflects on if the employee is right for the position (currently or in the future) and if the training the organization gives is sufficient for the employee. There are many advantages to performing appraisals. The records of these performance appraisals are kept for a period of time, they can be referenced and used to evaluate how an employee has improved over time, or if they have yet to improve or began to slack off. This gives an opportunity for a manager to pull an employee aside and praise them for their accomplishments or inform them what it is they need to improve on, managers can also determine whether or not an employee could benefit from further training. Employees can be given feedback while learning if their goals within the company have been fulfilled while setting up new goals for them to accomplish in the next year. Sometimes, expectations and policies can be difficult to understand; during feedback, one can take that opportunity to have clarity on policies and expectations and discuss matters that they want to discuss in private, such as ideas for improvement or issues theyââ¬â¢ve had within the company or with fellow employees. Knowing that your performance will be appraised can serve as motivation to gain a reward for their hard work. There is potential for biases that need to be worked through to make sure everyone is given a fair opportunity. While itââ¬â¢s easy to compare one another, itââ¬â¢s imperative and difficult to resist comparing skills of one employee to another; if employees were compared to one another, it creates an unfair assessment of the employees. Itââ¬â¢s crucial to set a standard to evaluate performance. Personality conflicts can influence judgment when assessing performance; this would cause an inaccurate assessment which would be unfair to the employee. Just because an employee is good at one thing, does not make them good at everything, and vice versa. One ruined project or miscommunication in direction does not mean the same thing will occur every time, or again even. There needs to be a minimum time-frame in which an employeeââ¬â¢s performance should be assessed; itââ¬â¢s not fair for a manager thatââ¬â¢s worked with an employee a time or two to fairly appraise them, a first impression can distort oneââ¬â¢s image in either a positive or negative manner. Itââ¬â¢s also necessary to appraise one on their entire performance, not just the most recent occurrences. Lifestyle choices should be left out of the appraisal process and should not be used for or against an employee. The primary objectives of an appraisal are ââ¬â to assess past performance, to identify training needs, to set and agree on future objectives and standards, and to facilitate the achievement of these goalsâ⬠(Youssef, 2012). Management by objectives includes an agreement between managers and their employees on the employeeââ¬â¢s performance objectives for periodic review for the employee accomplishes said objectives. The effectiveness of a performance appraisal can be judged by its objectives. Understanding the strategic objectives can help one adjust to meet the needs of an organization. A timeline allows a manager and employee to make a plan for goals to be met, there must be deadlines and time periods assigned to each goal to ensure that they are met. An employee needs to show improvement, one that is not very productive and having issues with the companyââ¬â¢s values and policies will not be around for a long period of time. Employees that are productive and possess talent that are imperative for the position will help with the companyââ¬â¢s success and ensure they are able to withstand growth. Strategic planning is needed to determine the budget for current employees as well as future employees. Appraisal results reflect oneââ¬â¢s character, development, how well one performs to the organizationââ¬â¢s standards, as well as other strengths or weaknesses. In some organizations, these results may be used to determine if/which employees deserve recognition as well as awards such as a merit pay raise, a bonus and/or a promotion. These results can also determine which employees do not mesh with the organization and need to be let go, require counseling or further training or a demotion/decrease in pay. Performance appraisals can be a motivation to excel. Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-33657513545737794852020-01-07T10:26:00.001-08:002020-01-07T10:26:03.775-08:00The Significance of Lighting, Blocking and Panning in... In cinema, lighting, blocking and panning drastically influence what an audience will notice and take away from a scene. Orson Wellesââ¬â¢s 1941 Citizen Kane has numerous examples of effectively using these aspects within mise-en-scà ¨ne, cinematography and editing to portray the importance of specific events and items in the film. The scene where Kane writes and then publishes his ââ¬Å"Declaration of Principlesâ⬠(37:42-39:42) in the New York Daily Inquirer after buying them focuses on important elements of the film, aiding the audience by combining lighting, blocking and panning to define significant roles and objects that further the movie as a whole. Mise-en-scà ¨ne, what the audience sees in a film, is crucial to the movieââ¬â¢s development.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦A few cuts later he writes on the document right before handing it off to Sully, the lighting shows proud grins between all the faces present in the frame and also in the left of the frame has a n illuminated bottle of champagne to signify the accomplishment of the documentââ¬â¢s exchange of hands. The effective lighting in each cut along with props allows the viewer to gather significance in the scene as a whole. Blocking, an attribute of cinematography, is used very effectively in this scene in part with both lighting and props. The positioning of each character tells a great deal as to their role in the movie as well as to the scene itself. The inclusion of chairs pays tribute to the lesser roles of both Leland and Bernstein. The two of them are sitting down almost entirely during the scene while Kane is standing the whole time, towering over them and allowing him and his document to be the most natural observation of the scene. To further the importance of both Kane and his paper, there is the inclusion of more props and blocking methods throughout the scene as well. For the majority of the scene, Kane is centered, representing his title as the newspaperââ¬â¢s owner. Even when moving to different locations during cuts, there are only brief moments when Kane and his document are not in the cameraââ¬â¢s center focus. This being the case, the lighting does not illuminate him as much as the supporting cast. This is because he is the Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-6374993442523933802019-12-30T06:51:00.001-08:002019-12-30T06:51:02.794-08:00Bureaucracy Definition, Examples, Pros and Cons A bureaucracy is any organization composed of multiple departments, each with policy- and decision-making authority. Bureaucracy is all around us, from government agencies to offices to schools, so its important to know how bureaucracies work, what real-world bureaucracies look like, and the pros and cons of bureaucracy. Essential Characteristics of a Bureaucracy Complex multi-level administrative hierarchyDepartmental specializationStrict division of authorityStandard set of formal rules or operating procedures Bureaucracy Definition A bureaucracy is an organization, whether publicly or privately owned, made up of several policymaking departments or units. People who work in bureaucracies are informally known as bureaucrats. While the hierarchical administrative structure of many governments is perhaps the most common example of a bureaucracy, the term can also describe the administrative structure of private-sector businesses or other non-governmental organizations, such as colleges and hospitals. Examples of Bureaucracy Examples of bureaucracies can be found everywhere. State departments of motor vehicles, health maintenance organizations (HMOs), financial lending organizations like savings and loans, and insurance companies are all bureaucracies that many people deal with regularly.à In the U.S. governmentââ¬â¢s federal bureaucracy, appointed bureaucrats create rules and regulations needed to efficiently and consistently implement and enforce the laws and policies made by the elected officials. All of the approximately 2,000 federal government agencies, divisions, departments, and commissions are examples of bureaucracies. The most visible of those bureaucracies include the Social Security Administration, the Internal Revenue Service, and the Veterans Benefits Administration. Pros and Cons In an ideal bureaucracy, the principles and processes are based on rational, clearly-understood rules, and they are applied in a manner that is never influenced by interpersonal relationships or political alliances. However, in practice, bureaucracies often fail to achieve this ideal. Thus, its important to consider the pros and cons of bureaucracy in the real world. The hierarchical structure of bureaucracy ensures that the bureaucrats who administer the rules and regulations have clearly-defined tasks. This clear chain of command allows management to closely monitor the organizationââ¬â¢s performance and deal effectively with problems when they arise. The impersonal nature of bureaucracy is often criticized, but this coldness is by design. Applying rules and policies strictly and consistently reduce the chances that some people will receive more favorable treatment than others. By remaining impersonal, the bureaucracy can help to ensure that all people are treated fairly, without friendships or political affiliations influencing the bureaucrats who are making the decisions. Bureaucracies tend to demand employees with specialized educational backgrounds and expertise related to the agencies or departments to which they are assigned. Along with ongoing training, this expertise helps to ensure that the bureaucrats are able to carry out their tasks consistently and effectively. In addition, advocates of bureaucracy argue that bureaucrats tend to have higher levels of education and personal responsibility when compared to nonâ⬠bureaucrats. While government bureaucrats do not make the policies and rules they implement, they nevertheless play an integral part in the rule-making process by providing essential data, feedback, and information to the elected lawmakers. Due to their rigid rules and procedures, bureaucracies are often slow to respond to unexpected situations and slow to adapt to changing social conditions. In addition, when left with no latitude to deviate from the rules, frustrated employees can become defensive and indifferent to the needs of the people who deal with them. The hierarchical structure of bureaucracies can lead to internal ââ¬Å"empire-building.â⬠Department supervisors may add unnecessary subordinates, whether through poor decision-making or in order to build their own power and status. Redundant and non-essential employees quickly reduce the organizationââ¬â¢s productivity and efficiency. Absent of adequate oversight, bureaucrats with decision-making power could solicit and accept bribes in return for their assistance. In particular, high-level bureaucrats can misuse the power of their positions to further their personal interests. Bureaucracies (especially government bureaucracies) are known to generate a lot of red tape. This refers to lengthy official processes that involve submitting numerous forms or documents with many specific requirements. Critics argue that these processes slow down the bureaucracys ability to provide a service to the public while also costing taxpayers money and time. Theories Since the rise and fall of the Roman Empire, sociologists, humorists, and politicians have developed theories (both supportive and critical) of bureaucracy and bureaucrats. Considered the architect of modern sociology, German sociologist Max Weber recommended bureaucracy as the best way for large organizations to maintain order and maximize efficiency. In his 1922 book ââ¬Å"Economy and Society,â⬠Weber argued that bureaucracyââ¬â¢s hierarchal structure and consistent processes represented the ideal way to organize all human activity. Weber also defined the essential characteristics of modern bureaucracy as follows: A hierarchical chain of command in which the top bureaucrat has ultimate authority.A distinct division of labor with each worker doing a specific job.A clearly defined and understood set of organizational goals.A clearly-written set of formal rules, which all employees agree to follow.Job performance is judged by worker productivity.Promotion is merit-based. Weber warned that, if not properly controlled, bureaucracy could threaten individual freedom, locking people in a rules-based ââ¬Å"iron cageâ⬠of control. Parkinsonââ¬â¢s Law is the semi-satirical adage that all ââ¬Å"work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion.â⬠Often applied to the expansion of an organizationââ¬â¢s bureaucracy, the ââ¬Å"lawâ⬠is based on chemistryââ¬â¢s Ideal Gas Law, which states that gas will expand to fill the volume available. British humorist Cyril Northcote Parkinson wrote about Parkinsonââ¬â¢s Law in 1955, based on his years of experience in the British Civil Service.à Parkinson described two factors that cause all bureaucracies to grow as an official wants to multiply subordinates, not rivalsâ⬠and ââ¬Å"officials make work for each other.â⬠Parkinson also offered the tongue-in-cheek observation that the number of employees in the British Civil Service increases by five to seven percent per year ââ¬Å"irrespective of any variation in the amount of work (if any) to be done.â⬠Named for Canadian educator and self-proclaimed ââ¬Å"hierarchiologistâ⬠Laurence J. Peter, the Peter principle states that in a hierarchy, every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence.â⬠According to this principle, an employee who is competent at their job will be promoted to a higher-level job that requires different skills and knowledge. If they are competent at the new job, they will be promoted again, and so on. However, at some point, the employee may be promoted to a position for which they lack the necessary specialized skills and knowledge. Once they have reached their personal level of incompetence, the employee will no longer be promoted; instead, he or she will remain in their level of incompetence for the remainder of their career. Based on this principle, Peterââ¬â¢s Corollary states that in time, every post tends to be occupied by an employee who is incompetent to carry out its duties.â⬠Before he became a U.S. President, Woodrow Wilson was a professor. In his 1887 essay ââ¬Å"The Study of Administration,â⬠Wilson wrote that bureaucracy created a purely professional environment ââ¬Å"devoid of allegiance to fleeting politics.â⬠He argued that the bureaucracys rule-based impersonality made it the ideal model for government agencies and that the very nature of a bureaucrats job enables bureaucrats to remain insulated from outside, politically-biased influence. In his 1957 work ââ¬Å"Social Theory and Social Structure,â⬠American sociologist Robert K. Merton criticized earlier theories of bureaucracy. He argued that ââ¬Å"trained incapacityâ⬠resulting from ââ¬Å"over conformityâ⬠eventually causes many bureaucracies to become dysfunctional. He also reasoned that bureaucrats are more likely to put their own interests and needs ahead of those that would benefit the organization. Further, Merton feared that because bureaucrats are required to ignore special circumstances in applying rules, they may become ââ¬Å"arrogantâ⬠and ââ¬Å"haughtyâ⬠when dealing with the public. Sources Merton, Robert K. Social Theory and Social Structure. Enlarged Ed Edition, Free Press, August 1, 1968. ï » ¿Parkinsons Law. The Economist, November 19, 1955. Peter principle. Business Dictionary, WebFinance Inc., 2019. Weber, Max. Economy and Society. Volume 1, Guenther Roth (Editor), Claus Wittich (Editor), First Edition, University of California Press, October 2013. Wilson, Woodrow. The Study of Administration. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 2, No. 2, JSTOR, December 29, 2010. Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-20586659977525385562019-12-22T02:38:00.001-08:002019-12-22T02:38:04.151-08:00Cosmetic Surgery Is It Truly A Cure-All. It Is No Secret Cosmetic Surgery: Is it Truly a Cure-all? It is no secret that the world operates adhering to strict and unrealistic beauty standards. Rather than embrace everyone for their individuality and uniqueness, society shuns those who do not fit to the ideal, forcing pressure and negative self-images on people. In order to conform to these set standards, people take drastic and life changing measures to alter their appearance, which comes in the form of plastic surgery. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, cosmetic plastic surgery is defined as ââ¬Å"surgical and nonsurgical procedures that enhance and reshape structures of the bodyâ⬠(American Society of Plastic Surgeons 2017). The issue is, is there actually a benefit to undergoingâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The point to remember it that it is still, in fact, a surgery, so there are numerous risks involved in undergoing one of these procedures, no matter how ââ¬Å"safeâ⬠they seem. One of the base factors is that there are many ways in which the procedure can go wrong, and in the end there is nothing that can be done. For starters, there are many plastic surgeons currently practicing, the largest number in the United States with 6,500 alone, followed by Brazil with 5,500 and China with 2,800 (ISAPS). With this comes a vast pool of surgeons to choose from when going in for a procedure, yet it also leaves people vulnerable to ending up with one whose skills are not up to par, considering there are many non-board-certified surgeons as well and board-certified. This discrepancy results in a higher risk of a botched job. If the surgery does come out cleanly, however, there is still the actual healing process with which to deal with. Consequently, depending on which surgery is being performed, the complete healing process can take up to ââ¬Å"a year or moreâ⬠(Plastic Surgery Schools) to fully finish. In this time, there is mass amounts of pain that a person has to endure, as well as limitations on daily life that hinder every day routine. The bruising and swelling is prominent and leaves the body tender to the touch so every movement is more delicate and cautious. The risk does not end at botched jobs and pain endurance though, because there is also the greatest risk of allShow MoreRelatedEssay on Humas Overcoming Nature1487 Words à |à 6 Pagesuntil the sixteenth century, people believed that God could explain all actions. In general, science did not really exist. People simply looked to the Bible for reassurance about then unexplainable phenomenon. With the development of a scientific method and the industrial revolution, people began to recognize reason in their world through science. In the present day, the general public in their quest to discover all of natures secrets depends on science and its reason. 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The goal of providing five days of training Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-54605495318155169092019-12-13T23:08:00.001-08:002019-12-13T23:08:04.584-08:00Personal Story Free Essays Daniel Roomer PDP. 7 ââ¬Å"Every man and woman is born into the world to do something unique and something distinctive and if he or she does not do it, It will never be done. â⬠Benjamin E Mays. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Story or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is the essence of this whole story. The understanding of such a philosophy eluded me as did it many people of my age at the time; some are not introduced to this concept until they are far into their adulthood. I had been born and raised Into a Christian household with no real father figure for most of my life, although I saw him frequently he was never around enough to really raise me maybe a few bits and pieces of advice and teachings. The real parenting came from my sister mother and grandmother. My mother had a lot of work to do considering she was a lone parent of two and had my Grandmother come live with us from Nicaragua (Central America) a few years prior to my birth and could barely pronounce ââ¬Å"helloâ⬠. Because of my motherââ¬â¢s long work hours I didnââ¬â¢t see her much and the Job of a nurturing loving mother really fell upon my Grandma. Now this doesnââ¬â¢t mean my mom didnââ¬â¢t love me or TLD show It she Just wasnââ¬â¢t as present as my grandmother was because my grandma didnââ¬â¢t work and took care of me all day. For thirteen years f my life I was shown love and care by this Incredible woman. Like I said before I grew up in a Christian house hold and my grandmother, mother and sister all had a pretty good understanding and very inclined spirituality so they took it upon themselves to teach me who God was and why he was important and so Important to our everyday lives. I had never questioned what they taught me I just received and didnââ¬â¢t think much of It. I was a typical church boy, going to church listening to what the teachers In Sunday school had to say, waking up every morning at eight to get ready, try to live by hat was taught to me etc. Etc. It was never really hard Just do as you were told and keep your mouth shut so it can all be over quicker. Granted I never consciously thought this way but as a child you know you Just want to live In the moment. As you start to reach the age where life starts to show itââ¬â¢s struggles and now itââ¬â¢s not mommy and daddy making the dec isions as much for you, you begin to put forth the things you have learned over the course of you relatively short existence so far. For me that began at about 11 or 12 years old. I began to be a little preacher showing there kids who God was and why he was important just like my family had shown me and considering that I read the bible on my own I had a level of wisdom about the bible, life, history and in general Just overall that most kids didnââ¬â¢t possess at my age. In my seventh grade year when I was 12 my grandmother had become very weak. She wasnââ¬â¢t the once strong, fun, larger than life grandmother that I was used to having around. Although I knew so much I still wanted to preserve the innocence of a child and expected this to be like all the cartoons I had grown up watching; where nothing ever bad truly happened to the good guys and those around him. I visited my grandmother in the hospital on a regular basis and I began to see how real this situation had become in my life. My grandmother showed misery and sadness in her eyes whenever she had to be seen in her pitiful state, she was skinnier than she had ever been in her life, and was completely drained of the energy she once had. The visits continued for a few months and she had undergone two surgeries. I had now learned what cancer was and what this evil was doing to my grandmother. I was 13 now and one morning during school it hit me that my ornamented wasnââ¬â¢t going to make it I had flashbacks of some of the happiest memories I could think of with her. That same day when walking home I saw my sisters, moms, and dads car in the front yard and I thought nothing of it. As I walked into the house I noticed solemn, saddened faces. My father sat me down on my motherââ¬â¢s bed and looked me directly in my eyes and told me that my grandmother didnââ¬â¢t make it. It didnââ¬â¢t take long for the tears to stream down my face and then began wailing frantically as if one of my appendages had been ripped from my body. The news didnââ¬â¢t bode well and my grades slipped drastically. I was a vessel of grief wearing fake smiles and laughs Just to avoid anyone asking me what was wrong and the images of my grandmother would rush back to fill my mind. It was at this point where I came to question everything I was ever taught about this God my family, friends, and teachers were so fond of. , the product of my families teachings was now shattered left to rebuild myself how I saw fit. I had always known what the people around me wanted me to follow or what they wanted me to be and in return I blindly followed what they said. Predestined by birth to fulfill what they anted me to do. I wondered, was everything they told me Just crap? Is there really a God who sent his son to die for me so the inhabitants on this earth could be saved? Do I really want t o do what Iââ¬â¢m doing now? If there is such a God why would he take away my source of love? All these questions and more filled my head and now I would search what I would truly follow and what I would do with myself. I started to do my research on religion and other belief systems. I researched many western eastern belief systems, their history, stories, purposes, etc. Etc. Hopefully ending something that would explain why my grandmother died, what happened to her and why did it have to happen to me now. Nothing was helping if anything it made me angrier and resentful toward these principles godââ¬â¢s or god these people impossible to actually fulfill as a human being. My impatience grew and months and months of studying brought no results. My grandma died and there was no positive showing itself from it. After a while it Just seemed as if there was no hope, that crap like this Just happens for no reason and no benefit comes from living life with the fear of this God. Religion throughout history only seemed to result in the demise of man and was a tool of destruction used by those in power. After a few more weeks passed by I recalled the many times I would see my grandmother writing notes in her bible and notebooks, watching preachingââ¬â¢s on T. V. And always seeming to enjoy her time this way. To me it seemed strange that it brought so much Joy to my Grandmother to do these things I wondered if it was because she never found out she was being lied to or that she had seen something I had failed to find. I continued my studies but this time on Christianity. I had taken the time to study it through the historical aspect and the perspectives of many and had concluded that it was a broken philosophy but now I would try a different approach. I took my grandmotherââ¬â¢s bilingual bible and began to read it and study it this time and use her example of what she did with it. During this time my identity began to take form and the pieces were reassembling to make something new. I learned from the stories and teachings of this book combined with the historical knowledge I had of this bible, I could see how a lot of it made sense. It still didnââ¬â¢t get e exactly what I needed but it was a start. I still wondered, why a God who did such wonderful things would allow for me to lose someone so essential in my life. I continued onward and started catching onto a very important theme, the relief from suffering. Soon combined with other themes I had learned in the bible it finally hit me. I was a selfish Jerk who failed to realize what was going on cause I was too busy worrying for myself. This God truly loved my grandmother more than I ever did. She had been suffering for so long with so much pain and I still wanted her to be around. I had never Hough that she had gone to heaven to rest and to leave the pain of humanity behind. I found how religion was a manmade tool and that my grandmother had never followed a religion but she followed a God willing to die for her on the cross. Man and God can never mix and the guy who can tell me whatââ¬â¢s going on in the world 2000 + years before my existence is the guy I should be following. I had come to grips with why my grandma died when she did. I was old enough to make my own decisions and wise enough to execute to decisions. With all the knowledge I had learned I finally could have a better understanding of those around me and What God wants me to do with those around me. Although my grandma died her love for me did not and it would guide me and show me how to share the love she demonstrated to me with other people. God never left me, he had his own way to In the end I had made my own identity and now could fulfill my own unique purpose in the world the only thing left was for me to decide to do it. I have chosen to do so and my something unique I was born to do is now coming to fruition. The struggles that come in life always serve a purpose no matter how painful. The choice is yours to allow it to hinder or you or push you forward. How to cite Personal Story, Papers Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-56528325204572964002019-12-05T19:27:00.001-08:002019-12-05T19:27:04.616-08:00Management SWOT Analysis Question: Discuss about the case study Management for SWOT Analysis. Answer: Introduction Basically, for this research paper, Air New Zealand is selected as organization that is one of the major and leading domestic as well as international airline company providing transport and air passenger service within various nations including United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, North America, Asia, South West Pacific etc. Additionally, in the context of this research paper, different strategic management tools including PESTLE, Porters five force model, value chain analysis, SWOT analysis is conducted in order to analyze and evaluate the strategic position of Air New Zealands organization. On the other hand, in this research paper strategic options are would evaluate to meet its objectives. External Environment Analysis In this section of the research paper, the external environment for the Air New Zeeland would be analyzed to know the external factors affecting the success of the organization. PESTLE: It is an essential tool that aides in investigating the political, economic, lawful, social, technological, and ecological components influencing the accomplishment of Air New Zeeland in the business. Political: The political dependability in New Zeeland is entirely high that plays a considerable role in order to build up supportive as well as consistent policies and guidelines for Airline industry. Along with this, the supportive political environment is cooperative to Air New Zeeland in order to keep up flow in operations as a result of fair competition, and tax policies as well as trade tariffs (Capon Hulbert, 2007). Economic: Recent monetary downturn at worldwide level has decreased the execution of a few organizations in the New Zeeland market. Ineffectualness of organization's business operations has incredibly lessened their liquidity, riches money related execution straightforwardly. In any case, GDP of New Zeeland had enhanced from the most recent three years and it expands the obtaining influence of clients that can build the interest of aircraft administration (Dobson, Starkey, and Richards, 2009). Socio-cultural: It is momentous for the Airline firms to think about way of life, and social as well as cultural qualities in business sector in order to meet up the needs of patrons. in addition to this, diverse social along with cultural aspects for example, way of life, education as well as pay level, cultures, convictions, and so forth significantly affect inclinations of clients that may have an impact on the accomplishment of Air New Zeeland in the business (Carayannis, 2010). Technological: By utilizing propelled advances, and information systems, Air New Zeeland can expand the client encounter and get development its administrations. However, at the same time, with a specific end goal to manage these technologies, there is need of skilled and practiced personnel that can spread out the expenditure of business operations of Air New Zeeland and decrease productivity (Drummond, Ensor, and Ashfor, 2007). Ecological: At the present time, environmental forces of a company are evaluated by various associates, for instance, government, patrons, suppliers, and also local group. In any case, the organization has received a few supportability practices and CSR practices to conquer the issues. Legitimate: After current money related downturn, the legislature of New Zeeland has executed strict standards as well as directions in diverse commercial ventures in order to manage different business activities of businesses. Along with this, legislative environment of nation is a bit strict and also involve momentous rules as well as regulation in order to control business activities in a systematic way. In this way, lawful variables may influence the accomplishment of Air New Zeeland in the business sector (Boone, and Kurtz, D.L, 2011). Porters 5 Forces: Porters five forces analysis firm strategic performance that is indicated requirement of changes in strategy for long-term business profitability. Moreover, Porter 5-forces apply in this paper to discover strategic changes effectiveness of Air New Zeeland (Evans, Richardson, 2007). Rivalry among Competitors (High/ intense): The competition in the airline business is too high because of several reasons. For case, the main reason is that, at present the business is very active. Moreover, the business is in its mature stage in current. Along with this, in this industry, the number of competitors will remain the same in the long run. The profits are too high in this industry. So, business wants to stay in business for the long time period (Hill, Jones, 2012). Threat of new entrants (Low-Moderate): Threat of new participants is low for the airline business. Along with this, there are two aspects that may lift up the threat level for the industry. First of all, there is very low switching costs and the second one is that there are no exclusive products as well as services in this industry. In spite of these two major aspects, the airline industry has low threat on the whole (Analoui, and Karami, 2003). Bargaining power of suppliers (High): Airplane manufactures are the major supplier in the airline industry. The bargaining power of suppliers is high in this industry. Airline companies look like to separate with facilities. Along with this, airline companies have long-term agreements with their suppliers; and they cannot switch to other suppliers easily. Bargaining Power of Buyers (High): There is low haggling force of extravagance purchasers on the grounds that couple accessibility of rebates for extravagance products and negligible advancements by the organizations (Kim, Song, and Kim, 2009). Threat of substitutes (Moderate): The airline industry has a medium substitute threat level. The main reason behind it is that there are numerous substitutes available in this industry. Along with this, patrons can opt for different form of transportation for instance train, an auto, bus, car, and so on to arrive at their end. But, the cost of transport may be a reason to switch in the industry (Faarup, 2010). Internal Audit In this section of the research paper, value chain analysis is conducted for the company to analyze both intangible, tangible assets with regards to kills/competencies. Moreover, a clear understanding of the financial situation and core competences and competitive advantage would be developed by using value chain analysis. Value Cain Analysis: Value chain is a strategic mechanism of internal investigation that is utilized to break down the adequacy of different essential exercises and steady exercises to get upper hand in the business sector. Value chain is broadly connected key apparatuses by associations to recognize their quality and shortcoming of worth chain. Value chain identifies with the majority of the capacities that are vital for conveying the items or administrations to the clients in the business sector. Value chain Analysis can be characterized as a critical and thorough procedure that assumes a key part to perceive the essential and also bolster exercises of a business association. Likewise, this investigation is additionally utilized by the association as a part of request to add the quality to the last results of the association. It likewise manages distinctive exercises that are more useful for the association to decrease cost and expand separation of the items in a powerful and legitimate way (Kliatchko, 2005). These exercises are clarified as beneath: Primary Activities: The Primary activities of value chain analysis are associated with the physical creation, sale, and maintenance as well as support of a product or service. These primary exercises include: Inbound logistics: Air New Zeeland inbounds logistics operations are mind boggling and include the convenient conveyance of armada of planes, cooking items and an extensive variety of other on-load up items. The need to guarantee the freshness of sustenances and beverages served amid the flights further convolutes Air New Zeeland inbounds logistics essential exercises. Operations: Generally, operations stage consists of arranging products as well as services to be sold to patrons. As the New Zeeland's biggest universal planned carrier, Air New Zeeland flies all around to more than 250 destinations. Consequently, the extent of its business operations is broad. Air New Zeeland Airways has a scale of upper hands in operations part of the business all the way through providing its clients enlarged security for their belongings, offering fast check-in services and recommending a number of services for instance ticket bookings as well as online booking of other services. Also, an abnormal state of customization of administration arrangement and a broad usage of advanced advances in an extensive variety of business procedures speak to strong hotspots for extra esteem for Air New Zeeland (Amason, 2010). Outbound logistics: These exercises disseminate the items and administrations to the client. Outbound logistics includes sending prepared items to clients for utilization. Air New Zeeland flies to airplane terminals in various nations overall including United Kingdom, North America, Australia, Asia, and South West Pacific. The aircraft determines esteem in outbound logistics essential operations through proficient treatment of things in the purpose of destination and using a propelled data and correspondence frameworks (Munizzo, and Musial, 2010). Marketing sales: These exercises elevate the clients to buy the items/administrations of a particular firm as look at its rivals. Air New Zeeland advertising methodology is coordinated at the correspondence of the promoting message to the objective client fragment. The showcasing message endeavors to relate the Air New Zeeland brand with effectiveness, unwavering quality, security and comfort (Pride, Hughes, and Kapoor, 2014). Service: These activities assume an imperative part to keep up the estimation of the items and in addition administrations in the psyches of the clients. Air New Zeeland focuses on money related interests in a methodical way with a specific end goal to upgrade the different parts of its administration arrangement (Aaker, Kumar, and Day, 2008). Support Activities: The support activities bolster the elements of the essential exercises in a proper way. These Support exercises includes Procurement: These activities are the securing of inputs and assets for the firm. Human asset administration: These exercises are connected with the selecting, procuring, preparing, improvement, and so on of the representatives (Punj and Moon, 2002). Technological development: These exercises include research and advancement, mechanization process and other imperative innovations that backing the quality chain exercises in a compelling way. Infrastructure: This includes money, quality administration, authoritative and legitimate exercises to accomplish the focused exercises appropriately. Summary of Analysis SWOT Analysis: Summary of key issues and justification of internal and external analysis using Strategic Tool SWOT analysis: Strengths Weaknesses Strong competition from foreign players and LCCs Increasing Fuel cost Increasing labor cost Technological problem Tax changes Price changes Increasing rates of interest Brand mindfulness and number of destinations are lesser contrasted with worldwide mammoth Restricted operations and piece of the pie because of overwhelming rivalry Less efficiency Little specialty units Aggressive business sector Absence of interests in innovative work Opportunities Threats Vital organization together with Qantans will reinforce its position in the business Chances to make a solid brand picture Developing economy Development rates and gainfulness New acquisitions New products as well as services Pay level is at a consistent raise Solid rivalry from remote players and LCCs Expanding Fuel cost Expanding work cost Mechanical issue Tax changes Value changes Rising rates of interest Developing rivalry and lower productivity (Air New Zeeland. 2016) Strategic Options Justification There are several strategic options are available for the Air New Zeeland Airline that must be used by the company to improve its position in the industry. Option: 1 Develop new products for new market segments Option: 2 Improve Market share and strategic Position by using innovative strategies Among these two, the company should adopt the strategic option second. As indicated by this, the organization ought to receive cost authority procedure with a specific end goal to improve the level of piece of the overall industry and create more income. For instance, with the compelling utilization of this technique, the organization would have the capacity to get different critical upper hands in the business over its compotators. Then again, the organization ought to likewise concentrate on fulfilling the necessities and needs of clients by offering them amazing, quality and exceptional administrations at the most ideal expense. For instance, the organization ought to have built up a solid client base of illustrious client by giving quality administration at the lower cost in the business sector. This vital alternative would help the association in creating more deal, income and productivity in a powerful and appropriate way. In addition, in today's globalized business era, the organization must embrace Ansoff network as a development procedure that attention on various parts of business operations (Reynolds, and Lancaste, 2013). This key choice would help the organization to break down, assess and get the development open doors in the different business ranges. These are talked about as beneath: Market Penetration (Protect/Build): By embracing and considering this development system, Air New Zeeland ought to concentrate on enhancing its promoting methodologies and endeavors viably. For instance, the organization ought to lead inventive and dynamic promoting/publicizing program, dedication program, growing administrations (Aaker, Kumar and Day, 2008).. Product Development: according to this procedure, the organization tries to present new carrier administrations in the business to draw in the clients. Diversification: Today, Air New Zeeland ought to be centered on enhancement to go into the new aircraft market Conclusion On the basis of above discussion, it can be accomplished that, it is essential for business organizations to analyze both internal as well as external business situation by using strategic tools in order to achieve competitive advantages and to improve market share in the marketplace in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. References Aaker, D.A., Kumar, V. Day, G.S. (2008). Marketing Research (9th ed). India: Wiley-India. Air New Zeeland. (2016). About Us. Retrieved From: https://www.airnewzealand.com/ Amason, A. (2010). Strategic Management: From Theory to Practice. UK: Taylor Francis. Analoui, F. Karami, A. (2003). Strategic Management in Small and Medium Enterprises. USA: Cengage Learning EMEA. Boone, L.E. and Kurtz, D.L. (2011). Contemporary Business. (ed.). UK: John Wiley and Sons. Capon, N. Hulbert, J. M. (2007). Managing Marketing in the 21st Century: Developing and Implementing the Market Strategy. Wessex Publishing. Carayannis, E. (2010). Strategic Management of Technological Learning. USA: CRC Press. Dobson, P.W., Starkey, K. Richards, J. (2009). Strategic Management: Issues and Cases (2nd ed.). UK: John Wiley Sons. Drummond, G., Ensor, J. Ashfor, R. (2007). Strategic Marketing. UK: Routledge. Evans, C. Richardson, M. (2007). Strategy in Action Assessing the Environment. British Journal of Administrative Management, 60, 1-3. Faarup, P.K. (2010). The Marketing Framework. USA: Academica. Hill, C. Jones, G. (2012). Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach. USA: Cengage Learning. Kim, Y.A., Song, H.S. Kim, S.H. (2009). A new marketing strategy map for direct marketing. Knowledge-Based Systems, 22 (5), 327-335. Kliatchko, J. (2005). Towards a new definition of Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC). International Journal of Advertising, 24(1), 7-34. Mason, R. B. (2007). The external environments effect on management and strategy: A complexity theory approach. Management Decision, 45(1), 10-28. Munizzo, M.A. Musial, L.V. (2010). General Market Analysis and Highest and Best Use. USA: Cengage Learning, Pride, W., Hughes, R. Kapoor, J. (2014). Foundations of Business (4th ed.). USA: Cengage Learning. Punj, G. Moon, J. (2002). Positioning options for achieving brand association: a psychological categorization framework. Journal of Business Research, 55(4), 275-283. Reynolds, P. Lancaste, G. (2013). Marketing. NY: Routledge Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-87651555211370400192019-11-28T18:23:00.001-08:002019-11-28T18:23:05.952-08:00Manyoshu and Kokinshu Interpretive Essay Essay ExampleManyoshu and Kokinshu Interpretive Essay Paper In his famous Kana Preface to the Kokinshu, Ki no Tsurayuki, one of the editors of the anthology, introduces the aesthetic value and core functions of Japanese poetry. As the seed that grows into a flower, Japanese songs, or waka, take human heart and flourish as myriad leaves of words. (Shirane 148) As the master poet, Tsurayuki advises his successors to appreciate the beauty of life, rather than understanding it. One of the functions of waka, Tsurayuki asserts, lies in consoling the hearts of the departed and the living, as the beauty of the song has the mysterious power to assuage even the troubled souls of fierce warriors. Despite the lexical parsimony of waka, the master poets of ancient Japan have honored this legacy and strived to bestow poetic beauty even upon the topic of death. In the Manyoshu and Kokinshu, parting with the loved ones is juxtaposed with mysterious cycles of nature to mediate the emotional burden of loss. Nonetheless, the poeticization of death in two anthologies contrasts in poetic deliverance as well as in narrative structure, as the Manyoshu poet focuses on the poetic deliverance of the protagonistââ¬â¢s emotions, while the Kokishu poem respectively focuses on the transience and emptiness of life. The poeticization of death in Manyoshu is characterized by the protagonistââ¬â¢s emotional confession of continued longing and inability to let go the departed. Upon his wifeââ¬â¢s death, the master poet Kakinomoto no Hitomaro composes the following poem, ââ¬Å"crying tears of blood in his grief.â⬠After recollecting his nostalgic romance with his wife in the openning lines, Hitomaro sings, Like the sky-crossing sun sets in the evening We will write a custom essay sample on Manyoshu and Kokinshu Interpretive Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Manyoshu and Kokinshu Interpretive Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Manyoshu and Kokinshu Interpretive Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Like the light of the moon is obscured by the clouds, My girl, who like the deep seaweed had slept beside me, Had passed away like the autumn leavesâ⬠¦ â⬠¦and all I could do was call out her name As I waved my sleeves. I searched for my girl who has lost her way In the thick yellow leaves of the autumn hill But do not know the mountain path. (84-85) By imbuing his wifeââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"passing awayâ⬠with the rich imageries of cyclical nature, Hitomaro avoids the crude proclamation of death and elevates their parting with elegance and beauty. Never do words meaning death, such as shinu, appear in the original text or the translation of the poem. Like the sun, the moon, and the seasons, his wife, who has now become a fabric of nature, passes away (sugite) from him. Consequent lines with makurakotoba, catalpa gem and catalpa bow, allow the readers to further relate to and vicariously experience his emotions, amplifying the conveyance of grief. It is also important to note that juxtaposition of the loss and imageries of cyclical nature reflects Hitomaroââ¬â¢s hope for his wife to return, as sun rises again and the autumn returns every year. Later in his short poem, the wife is described as having ââ¬Å"lost her wayâ⬠in the mountain. Despite the mountain symbolizing the insurmountable and unfathomable divide between the two lovers, Hitomaro still yearns for her return believing that he can bring her back if only he had known the mountain path (yamaji shirazu mo). Yet as he cannot venture across the mountain into the forbidden realm, he laments that he can only call out her name and wave his sleeves (sode so furitsuru), a ritual to summon the departed back to life. An unknown poet of Kokinshu also uses nature as a medium for poeticizing death and conveying emotions of loss. After the Horikawa chancellor died and his remains were interred near Mount Fukakusa, the poet composes in Heian style of lexical parsimony, Poem #832 If cherry trees indeed Have feelings, may those Of the fields of Fukakusa This year, at least, Shround themselves in black blossoms. (162) Unlike Hitomaro, the Kokinshu poet neither confesses his lingering feelings nor hopes for the departed to return. However, through a simple imagery of black, mourning blossoms, instead of an emotional narrative, the poet elegantly conveys the burden of his grief. The waka is almost addressed to the cherry blossoms, as the last line ends in volitional form. Furthermore, the essence of the poem is encapsulated in the word sumizome of the cherry blossoms. As if to prepare them for the burial, the poet invokes the cherry blossoms to bloom in ââ¬Å"dyed black (sumizome ni sake).â⬠The word also reminds the reader the word sumu, meaning ââ¬Å"to live.â⬠The prosopopoeia is further intensified by the use of the word, kokoro. Although it is translated as ââ¬Å"feelingsâ⬠in the text, it may also be read as ââ¬Å"heartâ⬠or ââ¬Å"soul.â⬠The poetââ¬â¢s impossible demand for the cherry blossoms not only reflects his remorse, but also informs the reader of the tr ansience and emptiness of life. As one cannot suppress the promised beauty of the cherry blossoms, one can never escape the passing of life. As Tsurayuki opined in his Kana Preface, the cares and deeds of men and women are endless. Yet there is an end to each and every man and woman and the ancient Japanese poets continued to find beauty in death through their myriad leaves of words. Though the autumn leaves will surely fall, the promised mists of spring will come and the fair hills of Yoshino will be adorned, once again, with cherry blossoms. Likewise, though the departed will go across the ââ¬Å"mountain pathâ⬠and the living will be in ââ¬Å"dyed black,â⬠the songs will live on until the end of time, shedding light into the Japanese heart of kokoro. Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-36552380093837354992019-11-25T01:58:00.001-08:002019-11-25T01:58:05.390-08:005 Steps for Balancing Chemical Equations5 Steps for Balancing Chemical Equations Being able to balance chemical equations is a vital skill for chemistry. Heres a look at the steps involved in balancing equations, plus a worked example of how to balance an equation. Steps of Balancing a Chemical Equation Identify each element found in the equation. The number of atoms of each type of atom must be the same on each side of the equation once it has been balanced.What is the net charge on each side of the equation? The net charge must be the same on each side of the equation once it has been balanced.If possible, start with an element found in one compound on each side of the equation. Change the coefficients (the numbers in front of the compound or molecule) so that the number of atoms of the element is the same on each side of the equation. Remember, to balance an equation, you change the coefficients, not the subscripts in the formulas.Once you have balanced one element, do the same thing with another element. Proceed until all elements have been balanced. Its easiest to leave elements found in pure form for last.Check your work to make certain the charge on both sides of the equation is also balanced. Example of Balancing a Chemical Equation ? CH4 ? O2 ââ â ? CO2 ? H2O Identify the elements in the equation: C, H, OIdentify the net charge: no net charge, which makes this one easy! H is found in CH4 and H2O, so its a good starting element.You have 4 H in CH4 yet only 2 H in H2O, so you need to double the coefficient of H2O to balance H.1 CH4 ? O2 ââ â ? CO2 2 H2OLooking at carbon, you can see that CH4 and CO2 must have the same coefficient.1 CH4 ? O2 ââ â 1 CO2 2 H2OFinally, determine the O coefficient. You can see you need to double the O2 coefficient in order to get 4 O seen on the product side of the reaction.1 CH4 2 O2 ââ â 1 CO2 2 H2OCheck your work. Its standard to drop a coefficient of 1, so the final balanced equation would be written:CH4 2 O2 ââ â CO2 2 H2O Take a quiz to see if you understand how to balance simple chemical equations. How to Balance a Chemical Equation for a Redox Reaction Once you understand how to balance an equation in terms of mass, youre ready to learn how to balance an equation for both mass and charge. Reduction/oxidation or redox reactions and acid-base reactions often involve charged species. Balancing for charge means you have the same net charge on both the reactant and product side of the equation. This isnt always zero! Heres an example of how to balance the reaction between potassium permanganate and iodide ion in aqueous sulfuric acid to form potassium iodide and manganese(II) sulfate. This is a typical acid reaction. First, write the unbalanced chemical equation:KMnO4à à KIà à H2SO4à ââ âà I2à à MnSO4Write down the oxidation numbers for each type of atom on both sides of the equation:Left hand side: K 1; Mn 7; O -2; I 0; H 1; S 6Right hand side: I 0; Mn 2, S 6; O -2Find the atoms that experience a change in oxidation number:Mn: 7 ââ â 2; I: 1 ââ â 0Write a skeleton ionic equation that only covers the atoms that change oxidation number:MnO4- ââ â Mn2I- ââ â I2Balance all of the atoms besides the oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) in the half-reactions:MnO4- ââ â Mn22I- ââ â I2Now add O and H2O as needed to balance oxygen:MnO4- ââ â Mn2 4H2O2I- ââ â I2Balance the hydrogen by adding H as needed:MnO4- 8H ââ â Mn2 4H2O2I- ââ â I2Now, balance charge by adding electrons as needed. In this example, the first half-reaction has a charge of 7 on the left and 2 on the right. Add 5 electrons to the left to balance the charge. The second half-re action has 2- on the left and 0 on the right. Add 2 electrons to the right.MnO4- 8H 5e- ââ â Mn2 4H2O2I- ââ â I2 2e- Multiply the two half-reactions by the number that yields the lowest common number of electrons in each half-reaction. For this example, the lowest multiple of 2 and 5 is 10, so multiply the first equation by 2 and the second equation by 5:2 x [MnO4- 8H 5e- ââ â Mn2 4H2O]5 x [2I- ââ â I2 2e-]Add together the two half-reactions and cancel out species that appear on each side of the equation:2MnO4- 10I- 16H ââ â 2Mn2 5I2 8H2O Now, its a good idea to check your work by making sure the atoms and charge are balanced: Left hand side:à 2 Mn; 8 O; 10 I; 16 HRight hand side:à 2 Mn; 10 I; 16 H; 8 O Left hand side:à âËâ2à ââ¬âà 10à 16à à 4Right hand side:à 4 Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-52174260411690921662019-11-21T09:22:00.001-08:002019-11-21T09:22:02.793-08:00Trifles ( A Play) by Susan Glaspell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsTrifles ( A Play) by Susan Glaspell - Essay Example The fact that Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters are addressed as such while the men are called ââ¬Å"County Attorneyâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Sheriffâ⬠somehow simply affords the women a rather cheap, subservient role of a wife and somehow demeans the role of women in society in general. Aside from being assigned subservient roles, the women in the play are shown to be ââ¬Å"worrying over trifles,â⬠which implies that women in 20th century America are concerned about anything but useful (Glaspell). In the play, Haley somehow ridicules the women for ââ¬Å"worrying over triflesâ⬠because instead of worrying about the crime, they worry a lot about the preserves that Mrs. Wright has left frozen (Glaspell). The two women also busy themselves with other ââ¬Å"triflesâ⬠such as Mrs. Wrightââ¬â¢s sewing things (Glaspell). The fact that women are shown to be worrying over trifles may also imply that they too should be treated like trifles themselves. The play also shows that women are inferior to men and should simply just keep themselves silent. What Mrs. Hale means when she mentions, ââ¬Å"We think theââ¬âcat got it,â⬠seems to be the old expression to mean that one is speechless: ââ¬Å"Has the cat got your tongue?â⬠(Glaspell; Holstein 285). This means that women in America in the early 20th century somehow did not have a voice of their own in a male-dominated society. In fact, throughout the whole play, Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters are considered ignorant by the men. The suspect Mrs. Wright may also have been forced to keep silent by her husband, and so this could have become her motive for killing him. Moreover, one symbol in the play used to show that the silence of women is the dead bird in the birdcage with its neck wrung. The singing bird was once Mrs. Wright ââ¬â ââ¬Å"one of the town girls singing in the choirâ⬠(Glaspell). However, her marriage turned her into a dead bird that Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-86947910653273884012019-11-20T12:38:00.001-08:002019-11-20T12:38:04.977-08:00Marketing Process Model by Robert J Dolan DissertationMarketing Process Model by Robert J Dolan - Dissertation Example Customer Acquisition 10 2.10. Customer Relation 10 2.11. Profits 11 3. Conclusion 11 References 13 Appendix 14 1. Introduction 1.1 Objective Current paper focuses on the examination of the various aspects of the Marketing Process Model, as developed by Robert Dolan in 1997. The effectiveness and the practical implications of the particular model are analyzed by referring to the literature that has been published in regard to the specific subject. 1.2 Methodology The literature related to the Marketing Process Model has been reviewed for identifying the elements and the role of the particular model. Effort has been made so that only academic journals are used, so that the credibility of findings is secured. 1.3 Limitations The value of marketing in enhancing business performance cannot be doubted. However, the choice of appropriate marketing strategy can be a challenging task for most marketers worldwide. Two are the key reasons for the above phenomenon: the continuous alteration of t he modern market and the lack of skills of individuals involved in the particular activities. The use of marketing models that have been widely used in the international market can help a firm to avoid failures, at least major ones, in regard to its marketing plans. From this point of view, the use of the Marketing Process Model could secure the growth of organizations operating in different sectors. However, not all aspects of the particular model have been carefully reviewed in the literature. Due to this fact, not all implications of the above model are known. This study could help to understand clearer the value of Marketing Process Model and to identify the modelââ¬â¢s aspects that should be further studied. 2. Literature Review 2.1. Marketing Process: Initial Considerations Marketing process is a quite complex one. According to the literature published in this field, there are different approaches for promoting a product/ service in a particular market (Jaakkola et al. 2010 ). The Marketing Process Model, as suggested by Robert Dolan, can offer a series of advantages: a) it can employ a high range of methods/ approaches, increasing the chances for success, b) it is flexible and can be appropriately alternated for meeting the needs of the target market, c) it has been widely used in practice, a fact that increases its credibility (Jaakkola et al. 2010). The particular Model, also known as B2B model, can be effectively used in different sectors and under different market conditions (Jaakkola et al. 2010). 2.2. Strategic Marketing Strategic marketing is a term used in order to describe a series of activities that need to be developed in order for a particular product/ service to reach the target market successfully without failures, either in terms of cost or in terms of time (Kotler et al. 2009). The difference of strategic marketing, compared to the traditional marketing, is that the former is highly based on various theoretical models and different app roaches for achieving the target described above (Kotler et al. 2009). These approaches and theories are analyzed in the sections that follow. 2.3. Customers analysis 2.3.1. Needs In marketing, efforts have been made so that the Maslow Hierarchy of Needs theory is used. The particular model can ensure that consumer will be keep motivated in using a particular prod Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-79607354801801385032019-11-18T07:36:00.001-08:002019-11-18T07:36:03.231-08:00Review article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17Review - Article Example regulated at the transcriptional level but also in the post-transcriptional level, post-translational mechanisms, chromatin remodeling, clock proteins availability, and intracellular localizations (Cermakian & Sassone-Corsi, 61). The work aims to describe and illustrate in detail the general concepts that built the foundation of animal circadian clocks. It has been conceptualized by previous studies that several clock functions and characteristics have been conserved during evolution at transcriptional level but some detailed functions of the loop may somewhat differ from organism to organism. For instance, the feedback loop functions differ among the Drosophila fly, mammals, fungi and bacteria. Thus, these differences among organisms have led the authors of the article to study other levels of regulation of circadian clocks among organisms. Cermakian & Sassone-Corsi found out that contrary to the only role of the input gene products to oscillation, there are some important input and output genes to achieve effective pacemaker function. The work of the researchers also revealed that despite the similarities of the fly and mammalian circadian systems, there are also differences in the negative limb of the loop (Cermakian & Sassone-Corsi, 60). In addition, the work of the researchers also found out existence of inter-genic and intragenic loops and that rhythms are not only generated at transcriptional level but to multiple Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-34735670578686415582019-11-15T20:07:00.001-08:002019-11-15T20:07:08.006-08:00What have we learned from obedience to authorityWhat have we learned from obedience to authority Within society, obedience to authority is an essential part of human behaviour. Without this behaviour, it would be difficult for society to function properly. Obedience to authority is used during different social settings. Examples of this would be, university lecturers having authority over their students, and parents having authority over their children. Although obedience to authority is essential, it also has issues, which cause conflict within society. Stanley Milgram conducted a series of experiments, raising awareness of how this behaviour is necessary in life, yet how conflicts can lead an obedient to follow a command from a high authority. This can cause an act of cruelty, such as murder on innocent victims. His main reason for conducting these types of experiments was to understand more about the Holocaust, and as a Jew himself, the reason behind why the Nazis caused such destructive behaviour due to obedience. (Benjamin Jr Simpson, 2009). Stanley Milgram (1963), developed a shocking experiment that was set out to look into obedience to authority. Male volunteers took part in an experiment in which they believed they had to shock another participant, (which in fact was an actor) from another room. The volts started at 15, all the way to 450. Every time they answered a question wrong, the volunteer had to give an electric shock. A voice recording of distressing behaviour was played as the voltage increased, making the volunteers believe the other participant (actor) was in serious discomfort. Some of the volunteers felt uncertain about participating further in the experiment, but when the scientific researcher used prods such as please continue, and it is absolutely essential for you to go on (Stanley Milgram, 1963, p 374), the majority of the volunteers would obey his commands, and proceed further. Although a few volunteers refused to participate once hearing the distressing behaviour on the tape recording, 65% of the volunteers continued to the end of the experiment. This obedience experiment has had a huge impact on ethical, personality and social psychology issues within scientific research and society. Milgrams (1963) experiment, has been proven to be one of the most influential of scientific research (Benjamin Jr Simpson, 2009), but it has also caused a lot of controversy on the grounds of ethical issues. Milgrams (1963) article expresses how his participants were subjected to extremely distressing behaviour throughout the experiment, such as trembling and stuttering (p.375). Diana Baumrind (1964) critised Milgrams experiment due to the lack of involvement of ethics, deception and informed consent. She explained that this behaviour experienced by the participants could lead to other future issues, such as the inability to trust anyone, low self-esteem/image and possible psychological harm. In Milgrams 1964 article (as citied in Benjamin Jr Simpson, 2009), he argued Baumrinds criticism by gathering data from his experiment, that provided high percentages of what people thought of the experiment, for example, they learnt a lot, and that more types of these experiments should be do ne in the future. The participants were also debriefed after the experiment, to make sure that the volunteers had not been subjected to potential harm. (Milgram, 1963). Milgrams obedience studies have had a huge impact on scientific research, so much, so that his experiments are not allowed to be replicated within scientific research. This is due to the changes in ethical guidelines. Many psychologists believe that Milgrams experiments are responsible for these ethical changes (Benjamin Jr Simpson, 2009), in order to protect the participants from potential harm when taking part in any form of scientific research. Although Milgrams obedience studies had an impact on ethics, is also impacted personality within scientific research. It initially focused on looking at internal explanations of individuals personality traits, such as their mood or attitude in which caused their behaviour at the given time of the situation. However, in the 1960s, due to political and social changes, it shifted to situational and environmental explanations. This therefore focused on how an individuals personality differs depending on the situation they are in, instead of just their internal characteristics. (Benjamin Jr Simpson, 2009). During the 1960s, Walter Mischels (as cited in Benjamin Jr Simpson, 2009) studies were the most modern and relevant to this shift from internal to situational explanations, in finding evidence that individuals personality traits had little affect on the outcome of their behaviour. It further developed in the 1970s by introducing the person-by-situation interaction, which looks at how people react or respond given the type of situation they are in, having more of an impact on how scientific research is viewed on the grounds of personality. (Benjamin Jr Simspon, 2009). Another impact on Milgrams studies for scientific research was social psychology. In the 1950s social psychology was studied by examining how different social situations could have an influence on how individuals behaviour changes (Benjamin Jr Simpson, 2009). Asch (as cited in Benjamin Jr and Simpson, 2009), influenced social psychology within Milgrams experiments, due to Aschs work conducted on conformity, which examined the power of a situation. Milgrams studies has also had an influence on further research, such as Zimbardos prison experiment, which examined conformity and also obedience (Zimbardo, as cited in Benjamin Jr and Simpson, 2009). The impact of social psychology has manipulated the way experiments are now conducted within scientific research. Before Milgrams obedience studies, many experiments were conducted in laboratory settings with high experimental realism, therefore not many experiments were conducted within real life settings, thus having a low mundane realism. (Benjamin Jr Simpson, 2009). Due to his studies, there has been a shift in how research is conducted, and there has also been changes in IRB rules and regulations, therefore allowing more experiments to be examined in real life settings, rather than laboratory settings. In laboratory settings, individuals are likely to follow researchers orders, due to believing they are of a higher authority. In addition, what they are wearing could have an influence on their behaviour, such as wearing a white lab coat. By conducting these experiments in real life settings, the research findings will have a higher ecological validity than of those in laboratory settings. (Benjamin Jr Simpson, 2009). Milgrams studies have also affected society. During the Holocaust, the Nazis said they were not responsible for the killings and destruct they caused as they were just following orders (Benjamin Jr Simspon, 2009). In March, 2010, a French game show replicated Milgrams experiment called the Game of Death (Chazan, 2010). This proved that 80% of participants continued to the end of the game, due to pressure off the audience members and commands from the presenter. Due to ethical issues from Milgrams studies, individuals are now aware of their human rights, and entitlements in life, for instance, choice of medical treatment. So, why do people still obey in society? As children we are learnt to obey from our parents and not disobey, therefore making it easier to obey someone of a high authority. This impacts personality and social psychology, as it suggests that the power of the situation is more likely to have an influence on an individuals change in behaviour. The impact on personality within society is manipulated dependent upon the situation, and not due to personality traits from upbringing. Having a structured situation, for example, hospitals, there is less likely to be changes in personality due to feeling safe, as the doctor is of high authority and can be trusted, than of unstructured situation such as the game show. (Benjamin Jr Simpson). People of high authority are aware of their influence within society, and are therefore not allowed to influence individuals, but who is believed to be of high authority? Milgrams studies were conducted in lab settings, thus proving he is of high authority, but in the game show the high authority seems to be the audience and presenter, suggesting the power of the situation impacts individuals behaviour. In conclusion, due to the impact of ethical, personality and social psychology within scientific research and society, Milgrams studies seemed to have more of an effect on scientists than members of society. Due to huge concerns on how he conducted his experiment, many things have been changed on the grounds of ethical issues, in order to protect participants. Also due to the nature of his experiment, it cannot be replicated, meaning further research on obedience is not allowed to be conducted. Even though Milgrams experiment has had an influence on these scientific changes, it has not seemed to have much of an influence on society. This is because people are still obeying orders off people they believe to be of a higher authority, for example, terrorist attacks, and people in the war, where acts of cruelty is caused, therefore thousands of innocent victims are dying. Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610645589513988388.post-32025315602758154422019-11-13T08:38:00.001-08:002019-11-13T08:38:05.117-08:00Reformations of School Essay -- Essays PapersReformations of School Education plays a fundamental role in the development of any nation. History is witness that those nations who did not recognized the importance of education were doomed, and education played a key role in the success of the developed nations. A successful country like America faces many challenges regarding education. Some of these challenges are: how to better achieve educational opportunity, and to find ways to deal with such problems and educational dilemmas for American children. To find the answers and solutions to these problems we can not ignore the dialogue of reforming of schools, instead, new ways of education, restructuring of American schools, and recommendations to improve might be the only answer to these problems. In the following paragraphs, problems like weak curriculum and poor standards in the schools have been identified, and recommendations have been made to eliminate these problems. Also the problems and errors regarding the distribution of funds by the governm ent for the schools have been addressed, and recommendations have been made that these funding should be distributed equally and accordingly to the states. The federal government should take this issue more seriously and assist the states on a greater level. It is a very sad fact that even now when we have entered the 21st century, a first world country like America which is supposed to be a role model for the rest of the world is facing the problem of poor standards in their schools such as goals, expectations, and requirements. There is a great contradiction on peopleââ¬â¢s standards vs. the schoolââ¬â¢s standards. People set high standards that are very hard and sometimes impossible to achieve by students and teachers, whereas some schools do not match these standards and even pass kids who cannot read or have poor educational skills. In order to have high academic standards there has to be high performance in public education systems. The system needs to be changed fundamentally. Teachers can play an important role and should come together on a common platform to achieve a common goal and that is the improved quality of education. Good communication between school, school boards, and school administration is very important, so teachers can be heard and listened to. School should only hire highly qualified and proficient teachers. Students are usually int... ...me states there is five times as much spending on students in some school districts as in others ($15,744 versus $2,932 during 1994-95 in Illinois, for example)â⬠(by Patricia Albjerg Graham, article#1). If we observe the above data, it is very noticeable that federal government is playing a less active role in financing the education. One way to provide high quality of education is that federal government should get more involve with the current schooling system. Parents in general public can play their part and instead of criticizing the present system, they should elect the candidates in the government who give higher priority for the education and reserve more funds for the improvement and reforming of the school systems. Bibliography: References: Textual Resources: a) Article #1 (Educational dilemma for Americans). b) Article #2 (Restoring the impulse to Dream). c) Article #3 (How to teach a children). d) Class notes. Non-textual Resources: a) American School Board Journal (March 2000 issue). b) Http://education-world.com. c) Reforming American Education from the Bottom to the Top by Evans Clinchy. d) One on one conversation with parents. Laurenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10100960288811463443noreply@blogger.com0